For individuals experiencing lower back pain can understanding the anatomy and function of the multifidus muscle help in injury prevention and in the development of a highly effective treatment plan?
Multifidus Muscle
The multifidus muscles are long and narrow on either side of the spinal column, which helps stabilize the lower region of the spine or lumbar spine. (Maryse Fortin, Luciana Gazzi Macedo 2013) Sitting too much, practicing unhealthy postures, and lack of movement can progress to the multifidus muscle weakening or atrophy, which can lead to spinal instability, vertebral compression, and back pain. (Paul W. Hodges, Lieven Danneels 2019)
Anatomy
Known as the deep layer, it is the innermost layer of the three muscle layers of the back and controls the movement of the spine. The other two layers, known as the intrinsic and superficial, are responsible for the thoracic cage/rib cage and shoulder movement. (Anouk Agten et al., 2020) The multifidus has attachment points at:
The thoracic spine of the middle back.
The lumbar spine of the lower back.
The iliac spine – the base of the wing-shaped iliac bone of the pelvis.
Sacrum – series of bones at the base of the spine connected to the tailbone.
When standing or moving, the multifidus muscle works with the transversus abdominus and pelvic floor muscles to stabilize the lumbar spine. (Christine Lynders 2019)
Muscle Function
The main function is to stabilize the lower back, but it also helps extend the lower spine whenever reaching or stretching. (Jennifer Padwal et al., 2020) Because the muscle has numerous attachment points and is serviced by a specific branch of nerves known as the posterior rami, it allows each vertebra to work individually and more efficiently.
The multifidus muscle works with two other deep muscle groups to stabilize and move the spine. (Jeffrey J Hebert et al., 2015)
The rotatores muscle enables unilateral rotation, turning from side to side, and bilateral extension or bending backward and forward.
The semispinalis muscle above the multifidus allows extension and rotation of the head, neck, and upper back.
The multifidus muscle ensures spinal strength because it has more attachment points to the spine than the other layers, which reduces spinal flexibility and rotation but increases strength and stability. (Anouk Agten et al., 2020)
Lower Back Pain
A weak multifidus muscle destabilizes the spine and provides less support to the vertebra. This adds pressure on muscles and connective tissues between and adjacent to the spinal column, increasing the risk of lower back pain symptoms. (Paul W. Hodges, Lieven Danneels 2019) The loss of muscle strength and stability can cause atrophy or wasting away. This can cause compression and other back problems. (Paul W. Hodges et al., 2015) Back problems associated with multifidus muscle deterioration include (Paul W. Hodges, Lieven Danneels 2019)
Herniated discs – also bulging or slipped discs.
Nerve entrapment or compression pinched nerve.
Sciatica
Referred pain – nerve pain originating from the spine felt in other areas.
Osteoarthritis – wear-and-tear arthritis
Spinal osteophytes – bone spurs
Weak abdominal or pelvic floor muscles can compromise the core, increasing the risk of chronic lower back pain and injury.
Individuals are recommended to consult a physical therapist and chiropractor who can help develop the appropriate treatment, rehabilitation, and strengthening plan based on age, injury, underlying conditions, and physical abilities.
Can Core Exercises Help with Back Pain?
References
Fortin, M., & Macedo, L. G. (2013). Multifidus and paraspinal muscle group cross-sectional areas of patients with low back pain and control patients: a systematic review with a focus on blinding. Physical therapy, 93(7), 873–888. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20120457
Hodges, P. W., & Danneels, L. (2019). Changes in Structure and Function of the Back Muscles in Low Back Pain: Different Time Points, Observations, and Mechanisms. The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy, 49(6), 464–476. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2019.8827
Agten, A., Stevens, S., Verbrugghe, J., Eijnde, B. O., Timmermans, A., & Vandenabeele, F. (2020). The lumbar multifidus is characterised by larger type I muscle fibres compared to the erector spinae. Anatomy & cell biology, 53(2), 143–150. https://doi.org/10.5115/acb.20.009
Lynders C. (2019). The Critical Role of Development of the Transversus Abdominis in the Prevention and Treatment of Low Back Pain. HSS journal : the musculoskeletal journal of Hospital for Special Surgery, 15(3), 214–220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11420-019-09717-8
Padwal, J., Berry, D. B., Hubbard, J. C., Zlomislic, V., Allen, R. T., Garfin, S. R., Ward, S. R., & Shahidi, B. (2020). Regional differences between superficial and deep lumbar multifidus in patients with chronic lumbar spine pathology. BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 21(1), 764. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-020-03791-4
Hebert, J. J., Koppenhaver, S. L., Teyhen, D. S., Walker, B. F., & Fritz, J. M. (2015). The evaluation of lumbar multifidus muscle function via palpation: reliability and validity of a new clinical test. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society, 15(6), 1196–1202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2013.08.056
Hodges, P. W., James, G., Blomster, L., Hall, L., Schmid, A., Shu, C., Little, C., & Melrose, J. (2015). Multifidus Muscle Changes After Back Injury Are Characterized by Structural Remodeling of Muscle, Adipose and Connective Tissue, but Not Muscle Atrophy: Molecular and Morphological Evidence. Spine, 40(14), 1057–1071. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0000000000000972
For individuals suffering from back pain, can knowing basic chiropractic terminology help in understanding diagnosis and treatment plan development?
Chiropractic Terminology
The chiropractic principle is that a properly aligned spine positively affects an individual’s overall health. One of the main aspects of chiropractic care is applying calculated force to the spinal joints to restore correct spinal alignment. Chiropractic terminology describes specific types of techniques and care.
General Subluxation
A subluxation can mean different things for various doctors. In general, a subluxation is a significant structural displacement or an incomplete or partial dislocation of a joint or organ.
To medical doctors, a subluxation refers to a partial dislocation of a vertebrae.
This is a serious condition, usually brought on by trauma, that can result in a spinal cord injury, paralysis, and/or death.
X-rays show a conventional subluxation as an obvious disconnect between the vertebrae.
Chiropractic Subluxation
The chiropractic interpretation is more subtle and refers to the misalignment of adjacent spinal vertebrae.
Subluxation in this context refers to position changes in the joints and soft tissues of the spine.
Vertebral misalignment is believed to lead to pain and abnormal intervertebral joint motion.
This difference between the serious subluxation medical condition and the chiropractic version may cause individuals to dismiss seeking back pain treatments.
Motion Segment
Chiropractors and surgeons use it as a technical term.
Motion segment refers to two adjacent vertebrae and the intervertebral disc between them.
This is the area chiropractors assess and adjust.
Adjustment
The chiropractor performs a spinal manual adjustment to realign joint subluxations.
Adjustments involve applying force to motion segments to bring them back into a centered alignment.
The goal for adjustments and realigning the vertebrae includes:
Spinal manipulation is a technique used by chiropractors to provide relief for musculoskeletal pain related to the back and neck. Manipulation provides mild to moderate relief and works as well as some conventional treatments like pain-relieving medications. (Sidney M. Rubinstein et al., 2012)
Spinal manipulation is divided into grades of mobilization.
Depending on their training, practitioners of various medical disciplines may be licensed to perform grade 1 to grade 4 mobilizations.
Only physical therapists, osteopathic physicians, and chiropractors are licensed to perform grade 5 mobilizations, which are high-velocity thrust techniques.
Most massage therapists, athletic trainers, and personal trainers are not licensed to perform spinal manipulations.
Based on a systematic review, the effectiveness of these treatments found that there is quality evidence that manipulation and mobilization can help reduce pain and improve function for individuals with chronic low back pain, with manipulation appearing to produce a more profound effect than mobilization. Both therapies are safe, with multimodal treatments potentially being an effective option. (Ian D. Coulter et al., 2018)
As with any treatment, results vary from person to person and with different chiropractors. There are also potential risks with spinal manipulation. Though rare, cervical, carotid, and vertebral artery dissections have occurred with cervical/neck manipulation. (Kelly A. Kennell et al., 2017) Individuals with osteoporosis may be advised to avoid chiropractic adjustments or manipulation because of the increased risk of injury. (James M. Whedon et al., 2015)
Many individuals choose chiropractic treatment for a variety of conditions. Understanding chiropractic terminology and reasoning allows individuals to ask questions as they discuss their symptoms to develop a personalized treatment plan and restore function and wellness.
What Causes Disc Herniation?
References
Henderson C. N. (2012). The basis for spinal manipulation: chiropractic perspective of indications and theory. Journal of electromyography and kinesiology : official journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology, 22(5), 632–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2012.03.008
Blanchette, M. A., Stochkendahl, M. J., Borges Da Silva, R., Boruff, J., Harrison, P., & Bussières, A. (2016). Effectiveness and Economic Evaluation of Chiropractic Care for the Treatment of Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review of Pragmatic Studies. PloS one, 11(8), e0160037. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160037
Rubinstein, S. M., Terwee, C. B., Assendelft, W. J., de Boer, M. R., & van Tulder, M. W. (2012). Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low-back pain. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2012(9), CD008880. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008880.pub2
Coulter, I. D., Crawford, C., Hurwitz, E. L., Vernon, H., Khorsan, R., Suttorp Booth, M., & Herman, P. M. (2018). Manipulation and mobilization for treating chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society, 18(5), 866–879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2018.01.013
Kennell, K. A., Daghfal, M. M., Patel, S. G., DeSanto, J. R., Waterman, G. S., & Bertino, R. E. (2017). Cervical artery dissection related to chiropractic manipulation: One institution’s experience. The Journal of family practice, 66(9), 556–562.
Whedon, J. M., Mackenzie, T. A., Phillips, R. B., & Lurie, J. D. (2015). Risk of traumatic injury associated with chiropractic spinal manipulation in Medicare Part B beneficiaries aged 66 to 99 years. Spine, 40(4), 264–270. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0000000000000725
For individuals looking to improve their diet, can knowing the different salt types help in food preparation and health?
Salt Types
Salt brings out the natural flavor of foods and can be used as a preservative. Salt types come in various colors and textures for cooking, flavor, and health. Some are considered healthier compared to regular table salt, like pink Himalayan salt and different sea salts. Some individuals prefer them because most go through less processing and can have more trace minerals like magnesium and potassium. However, all salts are healthy in moderation, as sodium is a necessary part of a balanced diet. Although essential for the body, sodium can be harmful when too much is consumed. A study examining consumer-grade pink Himalayan sea salts available in Australia determined that to receive the additional health benefits of the minerals from this type of salt, individuals must consume so much that it elevates the amount of sodium in the body to dangerous levels. (Flavia Fayet-Moore et al., 2020)
Salt
Salt is a mineral made from the combined elements:
Sodium – Na
Chlorine -Cl
Together, they form crystallized sodium chloride NaCl.
The majority of salt production comes from evaporated seawater and salt mines. Many salts used in food preparation are iodized. Iodine is added to various refined salt products to help meet nutritional requirements. Iodine intake levels that fall below the recommended values could result in a deficiency and develop goiter. Goiter is associated with hypothyroidism. (Angela M. Leung et al., 2021) Lack of iodine can also have adverse effects on growth and development. (National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. 2023)
Essential for Health
Salt sustains life and optimal bodily function. Sodium and chlorine are important elements that maintain:
Cellular balance
Circulation
Blood sugar levels
Sodium is a mineral and an electrolyte. Common electrolytes include potassium, calcium, and bicarbonate. Without adequate sodium levels, the brain cannot send the necessary impulses to the rest of the body to function properly. However, consuming too much salt can cause health issues.
Higher salt intake in individuals who are sensitive to salt can increase blood pressure.
Doctors usually recommend that individuals with hypertension reduce sodium intake or follow a low-sodium diet.
Elevated sodium levels also cause water retention – considered a protective response as the body works to regulate serum sodium levels concentration in the blood to maintain balance.
If levels are too high, a condition known as hypernatremia can develop, which can cause:
Excessive thirst
Vomiting
Infrequent urination
Diarrhea
Sodium levels that are too low can lead to hyponatremia, which can cause:
Though there are different types of salt, they all contain roughly the same amount of sodium.
Types
The average sodium intake by adults is around 3,393mg per day, ranging between 2,000–5,000mg. Guidelines recommend a maximum intake of 2,300mg per day. (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2020) Whether from unhealthy dietary choices like processed foods or incorrect knowledge of sodium content when cooking, an American Heart Association survey showed that more than half of respondents inaccurately stated that sea salt had a lower sodium content than table salt. (American Heart Association. 2024)
Refined – Table Salt
Refined/iodized salt is finely granulated and commonly used in cooking. This type is highly refined to remove impurities and eliminate trace minerals often found in specialty salts. Because the salt is finely ground, anti-caking agents are added to ensure the salt doesn’t clump. Some table salts also have added sugar and other additives.
Refined table salt is about 97–99% sodium chloride (NaCl).
Iodine is added to prevent iodine deficiency.
Individuals trying to reduce sodium intake but meet iodine levels can do so with foods like eggs, dairy products, and fish.
Kosher
Kosher salt is coarse and flakey and can add a crunchy texture to dishes and drinks. Pure kosher salt does not contain additives like anti-caking agents and iodine. The size of the salt crystals is ideal for drawing out moisture.
Per teaspoon, kosher salt generally has less sodium than 1 teaspoon of table salt.
Because it has a coarser grain, less salt fits in the measuring spoon.
Sea Salt
Sea salt is produced from evaporated seawater and comes as fine grains or large crystals. Examples include:
Black Sea
Celtic
French – fleur de sel
Hawaiian sea salt
Sea salt can have trace amounts of minerals like iron, potassium, and zinc, which can produce different flavors in cooking but no additional health benefits with normal consumption. Some sea salts may also contain trace amounts of microplastics. However, research indicates these amounts are too low to warrant public health concerns. (Ali Karami et al., 2017)
Himalayan Pink Salt
Himalayan pink salt is mined in the red salt range in Pakistan, the second-largest salt mine in the world, and in the Andes mountains of Peru. Trace amounts of iron oxide make the salt pink. It is typically used at the end of cooking to add flavor and a crunch. Himalayan salt is popular for its health benefits and mineral properties. However, using Himalayan salt over other types has no known health advantages. Researchers concluded that the potential health benefits provided by the higher nutrient content would be counteracted by the large amount of sodium that would need to be consumed. (Flavia Fayet-Moore et al., 2020)
Substitutes
Salt substitutes contain some or all sodium and potassium, magnesium, or other minerals. Substitutes can be half sodium chloride and half potassium chloride. Monosodium glutamate/MSG can also be used as an alternative. A study found that substituting salt with MSG is safe and comparable to salt flavor. (Jeremia Halim et al., 2020) Individuals often use substitutes on a sodium-restricted diet but should check with their doctor before using these products, especially if they have kidney conditions.
Body In Balance – Chiropractic+Fitness+Nutrition
References
Fayet-Moore, F., Wibisono, C., Carr, P., Duve, E., Petocz, P., Lancaster, G., McMillan, J., Marshall, S., & Blumfield, M. (2020). An Analysis of the Mineral Composition of Pink Salt Available in Australia. Foods (Basel, Switzerland), 9(10), 1490. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9101490
Leung, A. M., Braverman, L. E., & Pearce, E. N. (2012). History of U.S. iodine fortification and supplementation. Nutrients, 4(11), 1740–1746. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu4111740
National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. (2023). Iodine: Fact Sheet for Professionals. Retrieved from https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iodine-HealthProfessional/
U.S. National Library of Medicine. MedlinePlus. (2022). Sodium blood test. Retrieved from https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/sodium-blood-test/
U.S. Department of Agriculture. FoodData Central. (2020). Salt. Retrieved from https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/1112305/nutrients
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2020). 2020–2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Retrieved from https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/sites/default/files/2020-12/Dietary_Guidelines_for_Americans_2020-2025.pdf
American Heart Association. (2024). Sea Salt vs. Table Salt (Healthy Living, Issue. https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-eating/eat-smart/sodium/sea-salt-vs-table-salt
Karami, A., Golieskardi, A., Keong Choo, C., Larat, V., Galloway, T. S., & Salamatinia, B. (2017). The presence of microplastics in commercial salts from different countries. Scientific reports, 7, 46173. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep46173
Halim, J., Bouzari, A., Felder, D., & Guinard, J. X. (2020). The Salt Flip: Sensory mitigation of salt (and sodium) reduction with monosodium glutamate (MSG) in “Better-for-You” foods. Journal of food science, 85(9), 2902–2914. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.15354
For individuals dealing with lower back pain, it could be quadricep muscle tightness causing the symptoms and posture problems. Can knowing the signs of quadricep tightness help prevent pain and avoid injury?
Quadriceps Tightness
Quadriceps muscles are in the front of the thigh. Forces that could be creating chronic pain and posture problems could be happening at the same time are:
Quadricep tightness causes lower back pain as the pelvis gets pulled down.
Tight quadriceps lead to weakened hamstring muscles.
These are the opposing muscles behind the thigh.
Stress and pressure on the hamstrings can cause back pain and problems.
The rectus femoris attaches to the pelvis at the anterior superior iliac spine, which is the front part of the hip bone.
The rectus femoris is the only muscle in the group that crosses over the hip joint, which also affects movement.
When the quadriceps, especially the rectus femoris, become tight, they pull down on the hips.
The pelvis tilts downward or forward, technically referred to as the anterior tilt of the pelvis. (Anita Król et al., 2017)
The spine is between the pelvis, and if the pelvis tilts forward, the lumbar spine compensates by arching.
A larger arch in the lower back is referred to as excessive lordosis and often causes tightness and pain in the back muscles. (Sean G. Sadler et al., 2017)
Hamstring Compensation
When the quadriceps tighten and the pelvis gets pulled down, the back has an abnormal lift. This puts the hamstring on a consistent stretch that can cause pain symptoms.
Healthy posture and hamstring muscle tone help maintain correct pelvic positioning in the back.
This is correct because it helps maintain a comfortable position.
Quadricep tightness can set off a reaction as the pelvis tilts down in front and up in the back while overly stretching the hamstrings.
Pain and soreness are the usual result
Lack of hamstring strength and quadriceps stretching can cause the hamstrings to lose their ability to support correct pelvic and spinal positions. (American Council on Exercise. 2015)
Knowing When Quads Are Tightening
Individuals often don’t realize their quadriceps are tight, especially those who spend most of the day sitting.
The more time spent in a chair can cause the quadriceps and lower back muscles to tighten steadily.
Individuals can try a few tests at home:
Standing Up
Push the hips forward.
Push from the sitting bones so you’re at the correct level.
How far forward do the hips go?
What is felt?
Pain could indicate tight quadriceps.
In A Lunge Position
With one leg forward and bent in front of the other.
The back leg is straight.
How far forward does the leg go?
What is felt?
How does the front of the hip on the back leg feel?
Standing Bent Leg
Stand with the front leg bent and the back leg straight.
Discomfort in the back leg could mean tight quadriceps.
In A Kneeling Position
Arch the back
Grab the ankles
Modify the position to adjust for any pain or joint issues.
If you have to prop yourself up or modify the pose to reduce pain, it could be tight quadriceps.
Helping to understand the condition can help in communication with a healthcare provider.
A healthcare provider and/or physical therapist can conduct a posture evaluation examination to test the quadriceps.
Understanding Academic Low Back Pain: Impact and Chiropractic Solutions
References
Kripa, S., Kaur, H. (2021). Identifying relations between posture and pain in lower back pain patients: a narrative review. Bulletin of Faculty of Physical Therapy, 26(34). https://doi.org/doi: 10.1186/s43161-021-00052-w
Król, A., Polak, M., Szczygieł, E., Wójcik, P., & Gleb, K. (2017). Relationship between mechanical factors and pelvic tilt in adults with and without low back pain. Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation, 30(4), 699–705. https://doi.org/10.3233/BMR-140177
Sadler, S. G., Spink, M. J., Ho, A., De Jonge, X. J., & Chuter, V. H. (2017). Restriction in lateral bending range of motion, lumbar lordosis, and hamstring flexibility predicts the development of low back pain: a systematic review of prospective cohort studies. BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 18(1), 179. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-017-1534-0
American Council on Exercise. (2015). 3 Stretches for Opening Up Tight Hips (Fitness, Issue. https://www.acefitness.org/resources/everyone/blog/5681/3-stretches-for-opening-up-tight-hips/
For fitness and sports enthusiasts, weekend warriors, and athletes looking to improve physical performance, can incorporating acupuncture for sports performance be effective?
Acupuncture For Sports Performance
Acupuncture for sports performance follows the same needle insertion for specific points to treat pain symptoms, alleviate inflammation and fatigue, and enhance blood circulation to improve physical and athletic performance. Acupuncture is based on traditional Chinese medicine principles that focus on restoring the balance of the nervous system and body to activate natural healing and increase energy circulation. (Johns Hopkins Medicine. 2024).
Acupuncture has become a popular alternative treatment for sports injuries as it has shown positive outcomes and recovery from injuries. (George G. A. Pujalte et al., 2023)
The body’s blood and energy pathways, known as meridians, become blocked by inflammation because of illness, injury, or overuse, resulting in pain, stress, and various symptoms. The acupuncture needles stimulate the pathways to clear the blockages, allowing optimal circulation of energy and blood to reduce inflammation and restore balance. (Jiajie Zhu et al., 2021)
Sports acupuncture works by maintaining optimal circulation of blood and energy through meridians through the arteries, tendons, muscles, and organs for enhanced productivity and ability. (Liang Kang et al., 2021)
Electroacupuncture involves connecting electrical stimulation from a tens machine to specific points over an area to enhance the needle treatment. (Keitaro Kubo et al., 2020)
Acupuncture Can Help
Ways that acupuncture can help include:
Increase Range of Motion
Acupuncture can help loosen tight muscles, tendons, and ligaments overused during training or games.(Chi-Tsai Tang, 2023)
This allows athletes to perform at peak levels without risking worsening or causing further injury.
Increase Flexibility
Acupuncture helps increase elasticity in joints by releasing adhesions within connective tissue for increased mobility.
Improve Reflexes
Targeting key points stimulates nerve activity, which can improve quicker reflexes and improve coordination.(Chi-Tsai Tang, Bo Song. 2022)
Increase Circulation
Acupuncture increases blood circulation to areas lacking oxygen.
Acupuncture releases endorphins, which reduce pain and also provide an overall sense of calmness and relaxation.
This enables athletes to stay focused and motivated throughout training and games. (Chi-Tsai Tang, 2023)
Reduce Fatigue
Regular acupuncture for sports performance can help maintain energy levels to help prevent burnout and maintain optimal performance during practice and games. (George G. A. Pujalte et al., 2023)
Relieve Muscle Tension
Acupuncture treatment can help relax tense muscles caused by repetitive use as well as from stress tension that could be caused by anxiety before a game or tournament.
For individuals who want to improve their physical performance, sports acupuncture can provide a natural, non-invasive alternative that can help improve athletic performance mentally and physically.
Lumbar Spine Injuries in Sports: Chiropractic Healing
Zhu, J., Li, J., Yang, L., & Liu, S. (2021). Acupuncture, from the ancient to the current. Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007), 304(11), 2365–2371. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24625
Kang, L., Liu, P., Peng, A., Sun, B., He, Y., Huang, Z., Wang, M., Hu, Y., & He, B. (2021). Application of traditional Chinese therapy in sports medicine. Sports medicine and health science, 3(1), 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smhs.2021.02.006
Tang, C. T., & Song, B. (2022). Acupuncture and Dry Needling for Sports Performance and Recovery. Current sports medicine reports, 21(6), 213–218. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000968
Kubo, K., Iizuka, Y., Yajima, H., Takayama, M., & Takakura, N. (2020). Changes in Blood Circulation of the Tendons and Heart Rate Variability During and After Acupuncture. Medical acupuncture, 32(2), 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1089/acu.2019.1397
Tang C. T. (2023). Practicing Outside the Lines: Using Acupuncture in the Athletic Training Room and on the Field. Medical acupuncture, 35(5), 266–269. https://doi.org/10.1089/acu.2023.0043
Of this, 0.7 grams come from fiber, and 1.3 grams are natural sugars.
Fats
Tomatillos contain less than half a gram in one medium-sized tomatillo.
Protein
There is less than half a gram of protein per tomatillo.
Vitamins and Minerals
Tomatillos provide:
Vitamin A
Vitamin C
Potassium
And provide several other micronutrients in smaller doses.
Benefits
Tomatillo’s health benefits include the following.
Cardiovascular Health
Tomatillos provide a heart-healthy dietary addition. They are naturally low in sodium and rich in potassium, which could help regulate blood pressure. They provide vitamins A and C and antioxidants against free radicals.
The American Heart Association recommends the consumption of a variety of fruits and vegetables daily for various benefits. One of them is their fiber content. Fiber is the indigestible part of carbohydrates that can help decrease cholesterol by binding and removing cholesterol from the body. Tomatillos contain about one gram of fiber, a recommended addition to a heart-healthy diet. (American Heart Association. 2023)
Potentially Help Reduce Cancer Risk
Tomatillos have several antioxidants with cancer-preventing properties. They are a source of phytochemicals known as withanolides. These natural plant compounds have been shown to induce apoptosis/cell death in colon cancer cells. (Peter T. White et al., 2016) Diets high in fruits and vegetables have been associated with lower risks of cancer, making tomatillos a welcome addition to a high-antioxidant nutrition plan focused on cancer prevention.
Arthritis Symptoms Improvement
The withanolide antioxidants are also anti-inflammatory. Research on withanolides demonstrates clinical benefits in the alleviation of symptoms of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. (Peter T. White et al., 2016) Tomatillos may help reduce inflammation, which can make arthritis more manageable.
Vision Loss Prevention
Tomatillos provide a healthy source of key nutrients for eye health. Lutein and zeaxanthin are antioxidants that concentrate in the retina and help protect against environmental deterioration. Tomatillos provide:
Tomatillos are a low-calorie whole food ingredient. Because of their high water content, it’s possible to fill up without adding excess calories. Fresh salsa made with tomatoes or tomatillos is a healthy, flavorful choice that is virtually free of added sugars. (The National Kidney Foundation. 2014)
Adverse Effects
Tomatillos are part of the nightshade family. While there is no conclusive evidence confirming any harmful effects, some individuals report experiencing sensitivity to them. (Cleveland Clinic. 2019) Individuals who believe they may be sensitive to tomatillos should consult a registered dietitian to determine the root cause and ways to improve tolerance.
Allergies
Although rare, serious reactions, including anaphylaxis, are possible even if the individual shows no signs of a tomato allergy.
Individuals unsure about an allergy to tomatillos should see an allergist for testing.
Varieties
Different varieties include yellow, green, and purple. (MacKenzie J. 2018)
Rendidora is a green variety that grows upright with a high yield.
Gulliver Hybrid, Tamayo, Gigante, and Toma Verde are also green but grow in a sprawling pattern.
Choose tomatillos that are firm and green but large enough that they fill up the husks.
When they ripen too long, their flavor becomes bland. (MacKenzie J. 2018)
Storage and Safety
Tomatillos can last months in their husks, spread out in a well-ventilated area. (MacKenzie J. 2018)
Keep them in a paper bag in the refrigerator for no longer than 2 weeks if using sooner.
Do not store in plastic, as this can cause spoilage.
For extended storage, tomatillos may be frozen or canned.
Remove the husks, wash them, and dry them before eating or preparing them for long-term storage.
Preparation
Tomatillos have a distinct flavor and firm texture. They can be eaten whole with no need to seed or core them. (Drost D, Pedersen K. 2020) Use tomatillos for:
The Healing Diet: Combat Inflammation, Embrace Wellness
References
FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2018). Tomatillos, raw. Retrieved from https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/168566/nutrients
American Heart Association. (2023). How to Eat More Fruit and Vegetables (Healthy Living, Issue. https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-eating/add-color/how-to-eat-more-fruits-and-vegetables
White, P. T., Subramanian, C., Motiwala, H. F., & Cohen, M. S. (2016). Natural Withanolides in the Treatment of Chronic Diseases. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 928, 329–373. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41334-1_14
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For individuals wanting to improve and/or maintain health research shows evidence that acupuncture may help promote weight loss. Can incorporating acupuncture into an overall health plan help achieve this goal?
Acupuncture Weight Loss
Acupuncture is a traditional medical therapy that inserts thin, flexible needles into the body at specific points. It has been around for more than 2,500 years. The practice is believed to stimulate the body’s energy/circulation, and research suggests that it could improve various factors known to contribute to weight gain and obesity. (Kepei Zhang et al., 2018)
Acupuncture regulates energy flow and helps restore the body’s balance, which is believed to promote homeostasis and self-healing. (Ning-Cen Li et al., 2019)
Acupuncture stimulates connective tissue, which affects blood circulation, nerves, and the immune system.
It has been used to help manage conditions like migraines, infertility, pain management, and weight loss.
At the first appointment, the acupuncturist will take a general medical history and identify weight loss goals.
They will help identify the root causes contributing to weight gain, e.g., slow metabolism, thyroid issues, and overeating, to develop an effective personalized treatment plan.
A trained and licensed practitioner may also be able to provide nutritional and health coaching in addition to acupuncture treatments.
Procedure
The needles are thin and designed to work effectively without causing pain or bleeding.
The needles are left in for 15 to 30 minutes per session, depending on the treatment stage.
The practitioner may lift or rotate the needles as part of the technique during a session.
Many individuals report that acupuncture treatments are relaxing and pain-free.
For weight loss, the ear points will be the focus.
Research suggests that stimulating certain outer ear points may help balance hormones that help decrease cravings and suppress appetite. (Li-Hua Wang et al.,2019)
Two hormones that help in weight loss and acupuncture may help rebalance include: (Li-Hua Wang et al.,2019)
Ghrelin
Controls appetite and meal stimulation.
Leptin
Regulates fat storage and metabolism.
Acupuncture Weight Loss can help:
Decrease food cravings
Suppress appetite
Improve digestion
Increase metabolism
Research
Acupuncture weight loss recent research:
One study compared the effectiveness of auricular/ear acupuncture to body acupuncture in obese women and found that those who received ear acupuncture lost more weight than the individuals who received acupuncture in other body areas. (Cayir Yasemin et al., 2017)
Another study found that overweight females between 20 and 30 years of age who received six weekly treatments of ear acupuncture experienced a reduction in waist circumference. (Felicity Lillingston et al., 2019)
Many individuals gain weight as a result of stress.
Research suggests that acupuncture therapy helps stimulate the release of endorphins or the body’s natural pain-relieving hormones.
This helps create calming, relaxing effects that counteract stress eating caused by tension, frustration, and anxiety. (Laila Ahmed Abou Ismail et al., 2015)
When incorporated with lifestyle adjustments, like regular exercise, improved sleep, stress management, and a balanced diet, a review of studies concluded that acupuncture is effective for weight loss. (S-Y Kim et al, 2018)
Safety
The risks of acupuncture are low when performed by a licensed and certified practitioner. The most common side effects include:
Soreness
Bruising
Minor bleeding where the needles were inserted
Fatigue
Before seeking acupuncture treatment, consult your healthcare provider about consideration. They may recommend a reputable practitioner if the treatment is right for you.
Chiropractic Care and Metabolism
References
Zhang, K., Zhou, S., Wang, C., Xu, H., & Zhang, L. (2018). Acupuncture on Obesity: Clinical Evidence and Possible Neuroendocrine Mechanisms. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM, 2018, 6409389. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6409389
Li, N. C., Li, M. Y., Chen, B., & Guo, Y. (2019). A New Perspective of Acupuncture: The Interaction among Three Networks Leads to Neutralization. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM, 2019, 2326867. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2326867
Wang, L. H., Huang, W., Wei, D., Ding, D. G., Liu, Y. R., Wang, J. J., & Zhou, Z. Y. (2019). Mechanisms of Acupuncture Therapy for Simple Obesity: An Evidence-Based Review of Clinical and Animal Studies on Simple Obesity. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM, 2019, 5796381. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5796381
Yasemin, C., Turan, S., & Kosan, Z. (2017). The Effects of Auricular and Body Acupuncture in Turkish Obese Female Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial Indicated Both Methods Lost Body Weight But Auricular Acupuncture Was Better Than Body Acupuncture. Acupuncture & electro-therapeutics research, 42(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3727/036012917×14908026364990
Lillingston, F., Fields, P., & Waechter, R. (2019). Auricular Acupuncture Associated with Reduced Waist Circumference in Overweight Women-A Randomized Controlled Trial. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM, 2019, 6471560. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6471560
Ismail, L. A., Ibrahim, A. A., Abdel-Latif, G. A., El-Haleem, D. A., Helmy, G., Labib, L. M., & El-Masry, M. K. (2015). Effect of Acupuncture on Body Weight Reduction and Inflammatory Mediators in Egyptian Obese Patients. Open access Macedonian journal of medical sciences, 3(1), 85–90. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2015.010
Kim, S. Y., Shin, I. S., & Park, Y. J. (2018). Effect of acupuncture and intervention types on weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 19(11), 1585–1596. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12747
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