The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint composed of the femur head and a socket, which is part of the pelvis. The labrum is a cartilage ring on the socket part of the hip joint that helps keep joint fluid inside to ensure frictionless hip motion and alignment during movement. A labral tear of the hip is an injury to the labrum. The extent of the damage can vary. Sometimes, the hip labrum can have mini tears or fray at the edges, usually caused by gradual wear and tear. In other cases, a section of the labrum can separate or get torn away from the socket bone. These types of injuries are usually due to trauma. There are conservative hip labral tear tests to determine the type of injury. The Injury Medical Chiropractic and Functional Medicine Clinic team can help.
Symptoms
Symptoms are similar regardless of the type of tear, but where they are felt depends on whether the tear is in the front or the back. Common symptoms include:
Hip stiffness
Limited range of motion
A clicking or locking sensation in the hip joint when moving.
Pain in the hip, groin, or buttocks, especially when walking or running.
Night discomfort and pain symptoms when sleeping.
Some tears can cause no symptoms and can go unnoticed for years.
Hip Labral Tear Tests
A hip labral tear can occur anywhere along the labrum. They can be described as anterior or posterior, depending on which part of the joint is affected:
Anterior hip labral tears: The most common type of hip labral tear. These tears occur on the front of the hip joint.
Posterior hip labral tears: This type appears on the back of the hip joint.
Tests
The most common hip labral tear tests include:
The Hip Impingement Test
The Straight Leg Raise Test
The FABER Test – stands for Flexion, Abduction, and External Rotation.
The THIRD Test – stands for the Hip Internal Rotation with Distraction.
Hip Impingement Tests
There are two types of hip impingement tests.
Anterior Hip Impingement
This test involves the patient lying on their back with their knee bent at 90 degrees and then rotated inward towards the body.
If there is pain, the test is considered positive.
Posterior Hip Impingement
This test involves the patient lying on their back with their hip extended and their knee flexed and bent at 90 degrees.
The leg is then rotated outward away from the body.
If it results in pain or apprehension, it is considered positive.
Straight Leg Raise Test
This test is used on various medical conditions that involve back pain.
The test begins with the patient sitting or lying down.
On the unaffected side, the range of motion is examined.
Then the hip is flexed while the knee is straight on both legs.
The patient may be asked to flex the neck or extend the foot to stretch nerves.
The FABER Test
It stands for Flexion, Abduction, and External Rotation.
The test begins with the patient lying on their back with their legs straight.
The affected leg is placed in a figure four position.
The physician will then apply incremental downward pressure to the bent knee.
If there is hip or groin pain, the test is positive.
The THIRD Test
This stands for – the Hip Internal Rotation with Distraction
The test begins with the patient lying on their back.
The patient then flexes their knee to 90 degrees and turns it inward around 10 degrees.
The hip is then rotated inward with downward pressure on the hip joint.
The maneuver is repeated with the joint slightly distracted/pulled apart.
It is considered positive if the pain is present when the hip is rotated and diminished pain when distracted and rotated.
Chiropractic Treatment
Chiropractic treatment involves hip adjustments to realign the bones around the hip and up through the spine, soft tissue massage therapy to relax the muscles around the pelvis and thigh, targeted flexibility exercises to restore range of motion, motor control exercises, and strengthening exercises to correct muscular imbalances.
Treatment and Therapy
References
Chamberlain, Rachel. “Hip Pain in Adults: Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis.” American family physician vol. 103,2 (2021): 81-89.
Groh, M.M., Herrera, J. A comprehensive review of hip labral tears. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2, 105–117 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12178-009-9052-9
Karen M. Myrick, Carl W. Nissen, THIRD Test: Diagnosing Hip Labral Tears With a New Physical Examination Technique, The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, Volume 9, Issue 8, 2013, Pages 501-505, ISSN 1555-4155, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2013.06.008. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S155541551300367X)
Roanna M. Burgess, Alison Rushton, Chris Wright, Cathryn Daborn, The validity and accuracy of clinical diagnostic tests used to detect labral pathology of the hip: A systematic review, Manual Therapy, Volume 16, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 318-326, ISSN 1356-689X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.01.002 (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1356689X11000038)
Su, Tiao, et al. “Diagnosis and treatment of labral tear.” Chinese medical journal vol. 132,2 (2019): 211-219. doi:10.1097/CM9.0000000000000020
Wilson, John J, and Masaru Furukawa. “Evaluation of the patient with hip pain.” American family physician vol. 89,1 (2014): 27-34.
Back discomfort sensations and symptoms could indicate pulled-back muscles. Unless you’ve experienced the condition before, determining the cause can be difficult. A pulled-back muscle can start as a sudden, sharp sting when bending, reaching, or twisting. Or it can present gradually, worsening over a few days. It is a common injury, but if left untreated could take several weeks, and in severe cases, a few months, to heal correctly. Injury Medical Chiropractic and Functional Medicine Clinic can help diagnose the problem and develop a customized treatment plan to restore optimal function and health.
Pulled Back Muscles
A pulled muscle describes a strained muscle.
A strain is a muscle or tendon injury that happens when the tissue overstretches or tears.
When a ligament stretches or tears, it’s called a sprain.
Most cases can be managed and treated at home.
But if the symptoms are not improving or make it difficult to move, see a doctor or chiropractor.
Symptoms
Common signs and symptoms of a pulled-back muscle include:
Swelling
Tenderness
Soreness – Sore muscles that feel tight and achy usually indicate a condition that is likely to improve in a few days. More severe soreness could indicate a more significant injury.
Spasms – A sudden convulsive spasm in the muscle can also indicate a pull. This can feel like a sudden tightening that does not release. The muscle can continue to spasm and lead to other symptoms.
Cramping – A muscle can cramp can lead to increased tightness whenever trying to use the muscle.
Pain – Can be characterized as a constant dullness and/or soreness in most situations or, in severe cases, sharp and shooting.
Discomfort when moving around. If pain flares up when trying to move or use the back muscles is usually an indication that something is wrong.
Relief during inactivity and rest. When lying down to rest or taking a temporary break, and the symptoms disappear could also be an indication of a pulled-back muscle or another injury.
Causes
The most common causes are:
A Strained Muscle
This causes some damage to a region of muscle tissue, usually the result of being over-used or torn from another injury.
Sprained Ligaments
Involves damage to the ligaments in a joint, usually those in the spinal vertebrae.
A Herniated Disc
This involves damage to the discs that can leak out, irritating the surrounding tissues and nerves and can cause shifting and misalignment of the spine.
These conditions are distinct, but the symptoms can be similar.
Therapies
It is important to consult a medical professional before treating an injury because symptoms of other injuries, such as disc problems or a broken bone, can resemble strains and sprains. Most treatments will utilize:
Ice and Heat
Ice helps reduce inflammation.
The faster ice can be applied to a pulled-back muscle, the quicker pain and swelling are reduced, and the healing process can begin.
Apply a cold pack for 15-20 minutes as soon as the injury occurs.
Take a 20-minute break between each cold application.
After the first days, alternate cold therapy with heat to increase circulation.
Try a 20-20-20 rule: 20 minutes of an ice pack followed by a 20-minute break, then 20 minutes of heat.
Repeat as necessary, allowing 20 minutes between heat or ice therapy.
Limited Rest
Right after a muscle strain, limiting physical activity levels and avoiding movements are recommended for a short period.
After the initial pain subsides, partial activity levels are recommended to help prevent the muscles from weakening.
Compression
Applying compression bandages or using an active compression system can help reduce swelling and edema and repair damaged tissues faster.
Stretching
Returning to activities, gentle stretching exercises can improve tissue healing by increasing blood circulation to the injured area.
Applying heat to the area before stretching can also help.
Strength Training
Ask a doctor or chiropractor about the right strength exercises for your condition.
Strength training will develop the muscles to prevent future injuries.
Pain Medication
Pain levels are an important indicator during the recovery process.
Pain medications relieve symptoms but do not assist with healing and should only be used short-term to provide relief.
If you need pain medication, consult your physician to determine the appropriate type and dosage for your situation.
Massage
Blood circulation to the injured tissues is increased with massage therapy.
Chiropractic
A chiropractor can diagnose back pain from a muscle or disc injury and develop an individualized treatment plan.
Allen, Laura. “Case Study: The Use of Massage Therapy to Relieve Chronic Low-Back Pain.” International journal of therapeutic massage & bodywork vol. 9,3 27-30. 9 Sep. 2016, doi:10.3822/ijtmb.v9i3.267
Kumar, Saravana et al. “The effectiveness of massage therapy for the treatment of nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review of systematic reviews.” International journal of general medicine vol. 6 733-41. 4 Sep. 2013, doi:10.2147/IJGM.S50243
The ladder is one of the most utilized tools. Most individuals have a ladder or two in their homes or at work and never consider the dangers. Falling off a ladder can lead to serious injuries like muscle tears, broken bones, damage to the spinal cord, skull fractures, or traumatic brain injury. The objective is to educate homeowners and workers on being more alert, increasing awareness, and reinforcing safety protocols.
Ladder Falls and Injuries
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ladder falls account for more than 500,000 injuries and 300 deaths annually. Even professionals with experience in safety can make simple mistakes like carrying too heavy a load or not spotting signs of wearing or a defect that leads to injury.
Causes
Causes can arise from defects or user mistakes. These include:
A Defective Ladder
Old worn-out
Damaged or broken
Loose or cracking rungs
Ladders folding during use
Using the improper type of ladder for the job or task
Incorrect Ladder Use
Carrying dangerous objects or heavy loads
Stretching or reaching too far out
Failing to secure the ladder properly
Recklessness or horseplay
Injuries
Common falls can cause injuries severe enough to require professional medical care. Around one in five falls, on average, cause serious injuries that include.
Muscle sprains and/or tears
Neck and back injuries
Herniated discs
Hip injuries and fractures
Broken bones
Spinal cord injuries
Skull fractures
Traumatic brain injuries
Any of these injuries could cause permanent disabilities or chronic conditions.
Chiropractic Care
A fall can damage joints, muscles, bones, and ligaments without realizing there is a problem or injury. The back and spine are most likely to be affected. When landing flat on your back, the joints that connect the spinal column can slip, causing inflammation and joint swelling. To prevent chronic pain and alleviate acute pain, seeking medical attention and chiropractic care as soon as possible is recommended. After confirming the spine is not fractured or broken, a chiropractor can bring relief and restore mobility and function. Injury Medical Chiropractic and Functional Medicine Clinic are committed to helping individuals rehabilitate and recover from injuries. We develop a personalized plan to maximize the potential of recovering and returning to daily activities as soon as possible.
Safer In Seconds
References
Cabilan, C J et al. “Impact of ladder-related falls on the emergency department and recommendations for ladder safety.” Emergency medicine Australasia: EMA vol. 30,1 (2018): 95-102. doi:10.1111/1742-6723.12854
Hicks, Cameron, et al. “Ladder Use in Older People: Type, Frequency, Tasks, and Predictors of Risk Behaviours.” International journal of environmental research and public health vol. 18,18 9799. 17 Sep. 2021, doi:10.3390/ijerph18189799
“Ladder falls.” Health news (Waltham, Mass.) vol. 4,2 (1998): 7.
Muir, L, and S Kanwar. “Ladder injuries.” Injury vol. 24,7 (1993): 485-7. doi:10.1016/0020-1383(93)90156-z
Partridge, R A et al. “Causes and patterns of injury from ladder falls.” Academic emergency medicine: official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine vol. 5,1 (1998): 31-4. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.1998.tb02571.x
Ankylosing spondylitis, or AS, is a type of inflammatory arthritis that usually impacts the spine, causing back stiffness and pain, pain in the hips, and decreased range of motion. Brain fog can also be a symptom of AS and other chronic inflammatory conditions. Brain fog can affect memory, concentration, decision-making, learning, and problem-solving. Injury Medical Chiropractic and Functional Medicine Clinic can educate on the causes of ankylosing spondylitis brain fog and how to reduce its effects.
Brain Fog
Experts do not fully understand how conditions like AS cause brain fog and how it affects the brain and central nervous system. However, they believe brain fog is linked to chronic inflammation and pain associated with the condition, along with certain factors.
Chronic Inflammation
Inflammation occurs when the body’s immune system attacks healthy cells.
This triggers the release of inflammation-causing cytokines.
Cytokines can interfere with normal brain function.
Ankylosing Spondylitis Chronic Pain
Chronic pain can cause fatigue and unhealthy sleep quality.
Fatigue and poor sleep can worsen chronic pain, leading to intense fatigue and extreme sleep issues, becoming a vicious cycle.
Corticosteroids
Doctors typically treat ankylosing spondylitis with corticosteroids.
Individuals with cardiovascular risk factors have an increased risk of brain fog from the medications.
Depression
Individuals with AS can present symptoms of depression, which has been linked to cognitive impairment.
Depression can contribute to the development of brain fog.
Cornelson, Stacey M et al. “Chiropractic Care in the Management of Inactive Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Case Series.” Journal of chiropractic medicine vol. 16,4 (2017): 300-307. doi:10.1016/j.jcm.2017.10.002
Creaky Joints. (September 17, 2018) “You can ease inflammatory arthritis brain fog with these 12 tips for a sharper mind.” https://creakyjoints.org/living-with-arthritis/arthritis-brain-fog/
Vitturi, Bruno Kusznir et al. “Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis.” The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques vol. 47,2 (2020): 219-225. doi:10.1017/cjn.2020.14
Zhang, Jun-Ming, and Jianxiong An. “Cytokines, inflammation, and pain.” International anesthesiology clinics vol. 45,2 (2007): 27-37. doi:10.1097/AIA.0b013e318034194e
A certified/licensed massage therapist performs chiropractic therapeutic massage under the direction of a chiropractor to soothe tense muscles, release pressure on the nerve/s, break up scar tissue, and stimulate the release of endorphins. Studies have shown that a therapeutic chiropractic massage is as effective as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications for pain relief caused by various musculoskeletal conditions, including sciatica. Although medications can work for a time, they do not deal with the underlying cause of sciatica.
Sciatica Massage
A sciatica massage offers several benefits that include the following:
Improved and increased blood circulation.
Lowered blood pressure.
Release of hormones that help reduce anxiety, depression, and pain.
Relieves body discomfort and soreness by decreasing the activation of pain receptors in the spine and muscles.
Inflammation alleviation.
Muscle stress relief.
Muscle relaxation.
Flare-up relief and prevention.
Improves sleep.
Massage Types
Each type of massage is designed for a different purpose.
Manual Manipulation
Improves mobility and reduces pain.
Stretches tendons, ligaments, and muscles.
Mobilization
Focuses on the musculoskeletal system to improve mobility.
Connective Tissue
A deeper massage that targets connective tissues like ligaments and tendons.
Deep Tissue Massage
Designed to reach the deep layers to realign the muscles and fascia.
Myofascial Massage
Releases trigger points, adhesions, and nerve endings.
Healing Phases
Most cases of sciatica resolve in less than 4 to 6 weeks with conservative treatment. More severe cases with neurologic symptoms can have a longer recovery period.
Phase One
Alleviates discomfort, numbness, tingling, pain, and other symptoms.
The pain is reduced so the chiropractor and therapists can begin to address the cause, although the other symptoms and sensations could still be experienced.
If muscle spasms are present, they will be less frequent and with less intensity.
Phase Two
The individual can focus on functioning within their normal environment.
The chiropractor and therapists examine if they can get up and stand from a chair without problems, get in and out of a car, sit for longer periods, and walk with less discomfort.
A reflex test will be performed to analyze how the healing process is coming along.
If there is significant nerve damage, reflexes could be lessened.
For example, if sciatic inflammation is present, and the Achilles tendon is tapped with a reflex hammer, there could be little or no movement of the calf muscles.
If there is an improvement, there will be a healthy reflex.
The straight leg test will show if the individual can lift their leg with little or no pain.
Phase Three
The final healing phase provides the ability of normal movements and full strength.
This is when the individual can resume normal activities, specifically, those stopped because of the pain.
This can include walking, driving, house chores, sports, or working out.
Contact our office for treatment options customized to the individual and their injury.
Sciatica?
References
Camino Willhuber GO, Piuzzi NS. Straight Leg Raise Test. [Updated 2022 June 22]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539717/
Chang C, Jeno SH, Varacallo M. Anatomy, Bony Pelvis, and Lower Limb, Piriformis Muscle. [Updated 2022 October 3]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519497/
Davis D, Maini K, Vasudevan A. Sciatica. [Updated 2022 May 6]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507908/
Marian Majchrzycki, Piotr Kocur, Tomasz Kotwicki, “Deep Tissue Massage and Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs for Low Back Pain: A Prospective Randomized Trial,” The Scientific World Journal, vol. 2014, Article ID 287597, 7 pages, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/287597
Miller, Kenneth Jeffrey. “Physical assessment of lower extremity radiculopathy and sciatica.” Journal of chiropractic medicine vol. 6,2 (2007): 75-82. doi:10.1016/j.jcme.2007.04.001
The Centralization Phenomenon in Chiropractic Spinal Manipulation of Discogenic Low Back Pain and Sciatica. https://chiro.org/Low_Back_Pain/The_Centralization_Phenomenon.shtml. Accessed October 22, 2022.
After a car accident, you may notice neck pain. It could be a slight soreness you think is nothing but take care of. More than likely, you have whiplash. And that little soreness can turn into a lifetime of chronic neck pain if only treated with pain meds and not treated at the source.
Whiplash trauma, aka neck sprain or neck strain, is an injury to the soft tissues around the neck.
Whiplash can be described as a sudden extension or backward movement of the neck and flexion or forward movement of the neck.
Severe whiplash can also include injury to the following:
Intervertebral joints
Discs
Ligaments
Cervical muscles
Nerve roots
Symptoms of Whiplash
Most people experience neck pain either immediately after the injury or several days later.
Other symptoms of whiplash trauma can include:
Neck stiffness
Injuries to the muscles and ligaments around the neck
Headache and dizziness
Symptoms & possible concussion
Difficulty swallowing and chewing
Hoarseness (possible injury to the esophagus and larynx)
The sensation of burning or prickling
Shoulder pain
Back pain
Diagnosis of Whiplash Trauma
Whiplash trauma usually causes damage to the soft tissues; a doctor will take x-rays of the cervical spine in case of delayed symptoms and rule out other problems or injuries.
Treatment
Fortunately, whiplash is treatable, and most symptoms resolve completely.
Most often, whiplash is treated with a soft cervical collar.
This collar may need to be worn for 2 to 3 weeks.
Other treatments for individuals with whiplash may include the following:
Heat treatment for relaxing muscle tension and pain
Pain meds such as analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
Some people will tell you that whiplash is a made-up injury that people use to get more money in a settlement stemming from an accident. They do not believe it is possible in a low-speed rear-end accident and see it as a legitimate injury claim, mainly because there are no visible marks.
Some insurance experts claim that about a third of whiplash cases are fraudulent, leaving two-thirds of the cases legitimate. Much research also supports the claim that low-speed accidents can indeed cause whiplash, which is very real. Some patients suffer from pain and immobility for the rest of their lives.
NCBI Resources
Chiropractors will use different techniques to relieve the pain of whiplash and help with healing.
Chiropractic Adjustment The chiropractor performs spinal manipulation to move the joints into alignment gently. This will help to align the body to relieve pain and encourage healing.
Muscle Stimulation and Relaxation This involves stretching the affected muscles, relieving tension, and helping them relax. Finger pressure techniques may also be combined with trying to alleviate pain.
McKenzie Exercises These exercises help with disc derangement that whiplash causes. They are first performed in the chiropractor’s office, but the patient can be taught how to do them at home. This helps the patient have some degree of control over their healing.
Each whiplash case is different. A chiropractor will evaluate the patient and determine the appropriate treatment case-by-case basis. The chiropractor will determine the best course of treatment that will relieve your pain and restore your mobility and flexibility.
Whiplash-associated disorders, or WAD, describe injuries sustained from sudden acceleration/deceleration movements. It is a common outcome after a motor vehicle collision but can also be caused by sports injuries, falls, or assaults. Whiplash refers to the mechanism of the injury, while WAD refers to the presence of symptoms like pain, stiffness, muscle spasm, and headaches. A WAD prognosis is unpredictable, with some cases remaining acute with a full recovery, while others progress to chronic conditions with long-term symptoms and disability. Early intervention recommendations include rest, chiropractic care and physical rehabilitation, massaging and stretching exercises, and an anti-inflammatory diet.
Whiplash Associated Disorders
Cervical hyperextension injuries happen to drivers and passengers of moving, slow-moving (less than 14 miles per hour), and stationary vehicles when struck from behind.
The individual’s body is thrown forward, but the head does not follow the body and instead whips forward, resulting in hyperflexion or extreme forward movement of the neck.
The chin limits forward flexion, but the momentum can be sufficient to cause cervical distraction and neurological injuries.
When the head and neck have reached maximum flexion, the neck snaps back, resulting in hyperextension or extreme backward movement of the neck.
Pathology
Most WADs are considered soft tissue-based injuries with no fractures.
Stages
The injury goes through stages:
Stage 1
The upper and lower spine experiences flexion in stage one.
Stage 2
The spine takes on an S-shape while extending and eventually straightens, causing lordosis.
Stage 3
The entire spine is hyperextending with an intense force that causes the facet joint capsules to compress.
Symptoms
Whiplash-associated disorders can be classified through grades by the severity of symptoms, including neck pain, stiffness, occipital headache, cervical, thoracic, and lumbar back pain, upper-limb pain, and paraesthesia.
Grade 0
No complaints or physical symptoms.
Grade 1
Neck complaints but no physical symptoms.
Grade 2
Neck complaints and musculoskeletal symptoms.
Grade 3
Neck complaints and neurological symptoms.
Grade 4
Neck complaints and fracture and/or dislocation.
Most cervical fractures occur predominantly at C2 or C6, or C7.
A chiropractor will identify areas of restricted joint motion, muscle tension, muscle spasm, intervertebral disc injury, and ligament injury.
They will analyze posture, and spinal alignment, check for tenderness, tightness, and how well the spinal joints move.
This will allow the chiropractic physical therapy team to understand the injured body mechanics and how the spine is operating to make a thorough diagnosis.
The doctor will order imaging tests like an x-ray or an MRI to evaluate any degenerative changes that may have existed before the whiplash injury.
Once the injury has been accurately diagnosed, the chiropractor will design a personalized treatment plan.
Spinal Adjustments
Spinal manipulation is applied to areas of the spine that are out of alignment to realign the spine and activate the healing process.
Flexion-distraction technique is a gentle technique that uses slower, less intense pushing motions on the discs used to treat disc herniations that often occur after a whiplash injury.
Instrument-assisted manipulation utilizes special instruments to apply various forces or massage settings to the area.
Targeted spinal manipulation targets specific areas to rework, release, and rebuild the structures.
Massage Therapy stimulates the affected muscles to relax them from their tense state.
A treatment plan may utilize:
Instrument-assisted therapy
Trigger point therapy
Resistance-based stretches to rehabilitate soft tissue damage.
Our chiropractic team is ready to help you feel your best so you can return to normal activities and get on with your life.
Ritchie, C., Ehrlich, C. & Sterling, M. Living with ongoing whiplash-associated disorders: a qualitative study of individual perceptions and experiences. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 18, 531 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-017-1882-9
Sterling, Michele. “Whiplash-associated disorder: musculoskeletal pain and related clinical findings.” The Journal of manual & manipulative therapy vol. 19,4 (2011): 194-200. doi:10.1179/106698111X13129729551949
Wong, Jessica J et al. “Are manual therapies, passive physical modalities, or acupuncture effective for the management of patients with whiplash-associated disorders or neck pain and associated disorders? An update of the Bone and Joint Decade Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders by the OPTIMa collaboration.” The spine journal: official Journal of the North American Spine Society vol. 16,12 (2016): 1598-1630. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2015.08.024
Woodward, M N et al. “Chiropractic treatment of chronic ‘whiplash’ injuries.” Injury vol. 27,9 (1996): 643-5. doi:10.1016/s0020-1383(96)00096-4
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Brain Fog
