Back Clinic Chiropractic Spine Care Team. The spine is designed with three natural curves; the neck curvature or cervical spine, the upper back curvature or thoracic spine, and the lower back curvature or lumbar spine, all of which come together to form a slight shape when viewed from the side. The spine is an essential structure as it helps support the upright posture of humans, it provides the body with the flexibility to move and it plays the crucial role of protecting the spinal cord. Spinal health is important in order to ensure the body is functioning to its fullest capacity. Dr. Alex Jimenez strongly indicates across his collection of articles on spine care, how to properly support a healthy spine. For more information, please feel free to contact us at (915) 850-0900 or text to call Dr. Jimenez personally at (915) 540-8444.
For individuals experiencing back pain, can lying in the supine position help bring relief?
Supine Position
The supine position describes the body’s position when lying on your back with your face up. The individual is flat on their back with no incline, arms at their sides or bent at a 90-degree angle. It’s commonly used in medical settings for examinations, surgeries, and procedures, particularly when access to the anterior/front of the body is needed. It can benefit certain conditions, like helping relieve pain, but exacerbate others, like acid reflux. The term is also used as a modifier for exercises and stretches that begin with the individual on their back. (ScienceDirect Topics, 2009)
Medical Uses
Examinations
Healthcare providers often use the supine position for physical examinations, including vital signs, palpation of the abdomen, and chest inspection. (Nurse.com, 2024)
Procedures
It’s also used for various procedures, such as lumbar punctures and injections. (Steris Healthcare, 2025)
Surgery
Due to its accessibility to the front of the body, the supine position is frequently used for surgeries such as cardiac, abdominal, thoracic, and cranial procedures.
It allows for easy access to the airway, facilitates anesthesia choices, and can be readily converted to an open procedure if necessary. ScienceDirect Topics, 2009)
Overall Health
Natural Position
Many individuals naturally fall asleep in the supine position, finding it comfortable and conducive to spinal alignment.
Back Pain Relief
Sometimes, lying supine with proper support can relieve back pain, particularly in individuals with lumbar spinal issues. (MedicalNewsToday, 2022)
Acid Reflux
However, the supine position can exacerbate acid reflux, as gravity allows stomach acid to travel up the esophagus. (MedicalNewsToday, 2022)
Sleep Apnea
The supine position can worsen sleep apnea in some individuals.
Clinical Uses
A physical therapist, trainer, or clinician may use supine to describe positions used for manual therapy or when having the patient do stretching and back exercises as part of a home exercise program.
If the therapist or personal trainer is training the individual on core stabilization exercises for the first time, the individual will most likely start in the supine position.
This is because when the body is supine, the muscles have the least work to do to maintain correct posture and position against the force of gravity.
Many bed exercises begin in this position for rehabilitation.
Back Care
Here are a few recommendations to relieve low back pain using the supine position.
First, individuals can release the tension in the back by assuming the hook-lying position, a modification of the supine position in which the knees are bent and the feet are resting flat on the floor (Aurora BayCare Medical Center, N.D.).
Start breathing and relaxing, allowing the tension to drain out of the muscles.
In a hook-lying position with the fingertips on the lower belly, inhale deeply, then exhale naturally and puff out the remaining air.
At that point, the fingertips should feel the transverse abdominal muscle engage.
Release and repeat 10 times.
After the body is warmed up, move on to actual exercise. For example, beginners may be given hip stretches to help relieve back pain. These might be done to maintain or prevent back pain. Individuals can do yoga for their back while in the supine position. As with any exercise program, not all yoga poses involve lying on the back, but many beginners and restorative ones do.
For example, the supine spinal twist involves lying on the back, bending the knees, and gently placing them to one side. The idea is to stay in that position for a few moments—and breathe—to allow the oblique abdominal and back muscles to release.
Variations
Lawn Chair Position
This variation involves slightly bending the hips and knees and elevating them above the heart, which can help relieve lower back pain.
Frog-Leg Position
The frog-leg position involves lying on the back with bent knees pushed out to the sides, providing access to the groin and perineum. (Steris Healthcare, 2025)
Injury Medical Chiropractic & Functional Medicine Clinic
Injury Medical Chiropractic and Functional Medicine Clinic works with primary healthcare providers and specialists to develop an optimal health and wellness solution. We focus on what works for you to relieve pain, restore function, and prevent injury. Regarding musculoskeletal pain, specialists like chiropractors, acupuncturists, and massage therapists can help mitigate the pain through spinal adjustments that help the body realign itself. They can also work with other medical professionals to integrate a treatment plan to resolve musculoskeletal issues.
Thoracic Spine Pain
References
ScienceDirect. (2009). Supine Position. Morrey’s The Elbow and Its Disorders (Fourth Edition), 567-577. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4160-2902-1.50042-5
Nurse.com. (2024). What Is Supine Position? https://www.nurse.com/nursing-resources/definitions/what-is-supine-position/#:~:text=During%20routine%20physical%20examinations%2C%20the,easier%20to%20perform%20comprehensive%20assessments.
STERIS. (2025). The Complete Guide to Patient Positioning. https://www.steris.com/healthcare/knowledge-center/surgical-equipment/complete-guide-to-patient-positioning#:~:text=The%20most%20common%20position%20used,and%20elevating%20the%20sternal%20notch.
MedicalNewsToday. (2022). What is the supine position? https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/supine-position
Aurora BayCare Medical Center. (N.D.). Lumbar stabilization hooklying position. https://ahc.aurorahealthcare.org/fywb/baycare/x06913bc.pdf
The Cobb angle is a mathematical measurement tool for assessing the curvature of the spine. Along with physical exams and other tests, how is it used to evaluate scoliosis and kyphosis of the spine?
Cobb Angle
The Cobb angle is used to quantify the curvature of the spine, particularly in conditions like scoliosis. It measures the degree of side-to-side spinal curvature, a deformity called scoliosis. The angle’s size helps determine what kind of treatment is needed. Monitoring may be all that’s necessary for mild curvature. With severe scoliosis, treatment may require spinal fusion surgery. Named for orthopedic surgery pioneer John Robert Cobb, it describes the distance a scoliotic curve may deviate from being straight. (Botterbush K. S. et al., 2023) Generally, it takes at least 10 degrees of deviation from straight before scoliosis is confirmed.
X-Ray and Interpretation
An X-ray is taken to measure the Cobb angle. Side and back views are taken. The healthcare provider or examiner then views the X-rays and locates the most affected vertebra in the curve, the apical vertebra. In a scoliotic curve, the apical vertebra is the spinal bone with the greatest degree of rotation that takes the biggest curve away from the center of a normal spine column.
Visualizing the Angle
The apical vertebra is where two lines drawn from the X-rays meet. Two lines are drawn along the edge of the top and bottom bones of the curve. The lines extend out as follows:
On the top bone, the line starts on the high side, continues along the top edge, and then slopes down according to the angle of the vertebra. (Jin, C. et al., 2022)
On the bottom vertebra, the line starts on the low side, continues along the bottom edge, and slopes upward.
The Cobb angle is found by measuring the angle of the two intersecting lines where they meet.
Then, the top and bottom vertebrae of the side-to-side curve are identified to create a number for the Cobb angle. These bones have the most tilt but the least rotation and displacement and are located above and below the apical vertebra. Computer software is commonly used to calculate the Cobb angle. (Jin, C. et al., 2022) Treatment is based on the:
Angle size
Gender: Scoliosis is more common and likely to progress in females
Scoliosis is diagnosed when the Cobb angle reaches 10 degrees or more. However, this is not generally considered a significant curvature (American Association of Neurological Surgeons, 2024). In around 80% of cases, the scoliosis is considered idiopathic or without congenital or other underlying causes.
Less Than 25 Degrees Cobb Angle
If a scoliotic curve is less than 25 degrees, individuals may only need to visit their healthcare provider periodically so long as the scoliosis is monitored. These are mild cases, often without symptoms, but there is a chance that the curvature can progress. This usually means reassessing the Cobb angle every four to six months in a growing child or adolescent. (National Scoliosis Foundation, 2015) A 5-degree or more progression can change the diagnosis and treatment. (Jin, C. et al., 2022)
Between 25 and 40 Degrees Cobb Angle
A Cobb angle of 25 to 40 degrees usually requires wearing a back brace and intensive physical therapy. The goal of these treatments is to help halt the curve’s progression. Braces are generally worn 16 to 23 hours every day. (National Scoliosis Foundation, 2015) The healthcare provider will provide a referral for physical therapy. Many report excellent results with the Schroth or other scoliosis-specific exercise methods. A study found that core stabilization exercise programs can decrease Cobb angles in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. (Ko K. J. & Kang S. J. 2017)
Scoliosis in Adults
Scoliosis is diagnosed in adults, usually in those who have had the condition, treated or not, that was identified in their youth. A study that followed various cases for 20 years found disease progression occurred in 40% of adults but was usually less than one degree per year. However, degenerative scoliosis can also occur in individuals aged 65 and older. (American Association of Neurological Surgeons, 2024)
40 Degrees or More Cobb Angle
Surgery may be recommended once the Cobb angle reaches 40 to 50 degrees. A spinal fusion is often used to force the curve to stop developing. In adults, surgery may be needed if the angle reaches 50 degrees and they experience complications, such as nerve damage or bowel/bladder dysfunction. Risk factors in adults include older age, a history of smoking, and a diagnosis of other conditions, including being overweight. (American Association of Neurological Surgeons, 2024)
Variations
Variations occur in measuring scoliosis, and it is important to understand the difference between a change in scoliosis and a change in the tools or measurement. Equipment errors, imaging errors, and the subjective reading of the healthcare provider can change the values. (Jin, C. et al., 2022) Scoliosis measurement software and intelligent medical devices continue to improve how scoliosis is evaluated and treated. Physical exams, symptoms, and careful monitoring of changes in posture or function are still critical to an accurate diagnosis. The healthcare provider will explain the Cobb angle and other test results.
Injury Medical Chiropractic & Functional Medicine Clinic
Injury Medical Chiropractic and Functional Medicine Clinic works with primary healthcare providers and specialists to develop an optimal health and wellness solution. We focus on what works for you to relieve pain, restore function, and prevent injury. Regarding musculoskeletal pain, specialists like chiropractors, acupuncturists, and massage therapists can help mitigate the pain through spinal adjustments that help the body realign itself. They can also work with other medical professionals to integrate a treatment plan to resolve musculoskeletal issues.
Academic Low Back Pain: Impact and Chiropractic Solutions
References
Botterbush, K. S., Zhang, J. K., Chimakurty, P. S., Mercier, P., & Mattei, T. A. (2023). The life and legacy of John Robert Cobb: the man behind the angle. Journal of neurosurgery. Spine, 39(6), 839–846. https://doi.org/10.3171/2023.7.SPINE23146
Jin, C., Wang, S., Yang, G., Li, E., & Liang, Z. (2022). A Review of the Methods on Cobb Angle Measurements for Spinal Curvature. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 22(9), 3258. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22093258
National Scoliosis Foundation. (2015). Scoliosis Media & Community Guide. https://www.scoliosis.org/nsf2/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/ScoliMediaGuide_9June3.pdf
American Association of Neurological Surgeons. (2024). Scoliosis. https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/scoliosis/
Ko, K. J., & Kang, S. J. (2017). Effects of 12-week core stabilization exercise on the Cobb angle and lumbar muscle strength of adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, 13(2), 244–249. https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.1734952.476
Are there benefits to back cracking, risks, and how can it be done safely?
Back Cracking
Back cracking is intentionally applying pressure or twisting movements, producing a popping or cracking sound in the spine. Back cracking involves stretching or extending the spine. In most cases, it is considered safe when done gently as it can provide temporary relief from back pain and stiffness by:
Stretching the ligaments and muscles around the spine
Releasing gas bubbles that may be causing pressure
Improving joint mobility
Mechanism of Action
Cracking your back creates small gas bubbles in the synovial fluid (the lubricating fluid in the joints).
These bubbles form when the pressure in the joints is suddenly released, causing a popping or cracking sound.
It is generally safe, but there are certain conditions under which individuals should avoid cracking their backs.
Popping Sound
Research has used a new type of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cine MRI, to study the noise source. Cine MRI produces moving images.
This study using this MRI found that the formation of bubbles makes a popping sound.
The popping sound does not come from the popping of bubbles in the synovial fluid, as previously believed. (Kawchuk G. N. et al., 2015)
When someone cracks their back, the force pulls the bones of the joint apart, causing the pressure within the joint to drop and form a bubble, which eventually dissipates. (Kawchuk G. N. et al., 2015)
Crepitus
Crepitus is the medical term for cracking or popping noise from joints.
It is not a condition or disease but can be a symptom of one.
Other terms include clicking or crunching.
Is It Safe To Perform Daily?
Back cracking once a day is generally considered safe. But if it causes pain or swelling, then stop and contact a healthcare provider. If someone feels the need to crack their back more throughout the day, it could be a sign that they need to see a professional chiropractic healthcare provider. (AICA Orthopedics, 2022) Individuals may crack their backs to address certain conditions or to relieve various discomfort symptoms that can include: (National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, 2025)
Headache
Neck pain
Lower back pain
Sciatica
Individuals may often experience mild side effects like headache, stiffness, or pain. These side effects tend to resolve within a day. Though back cracking can provide temporary relief for some conditions, some serious side effects like neurological problems or strokes have been reported. (National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, 2025)
Rotate the upper body to the right side and press against the right knee with the left elbow.
Hold the stretch for 30 seconds and come back to the center.
Repeat on the other side.
Knee to Chest
Lie flat on the ground.
Lift one leg and bring the knee to the chest, pulling the knee in with your hands.
Hold for five seconds.
Repeat with the other leg.
Several back-cracking assistive devices, such as poles and wheels, are available. Talk to a healthcare provider to determine the right type and ensure it is safe for you and your condition or injury.
Individuals Who Should Avoid Back Cracking
Back cracking can cause additional stress or damage to the joints in those with back injuries or other conditions. Individuals with these conditions should avoid back cracking (AICA Orthopedics, 2022)
Numbness or tingling of the arms or legs.
Osteoporosis
Spinal cancer
Spinal abnormalities
Individuals who have a high stroke risk.
A Professional Back Adjustment
A chiropractor is a healthcare provider who specializes in spine and spinal adjustments. They adjust the spine and other areas of the body to correct misalignment problems, reduce and relieve pain, and allow the body to recover independently. (National Library of Medicine. MedlinePlus, 2023) The chiropractor will take a health history to learn about previous injuries and conditions. Then, they will evaluate the patient and determine the best course of action. Although a chiropractor performs spinal adjustments, they may also incorporate other treatments, including: (National Library of Medicine. MedlinePlus, 2023)
Injury Medical Chiropractic & Functional Medicine Clinic
Injury Medical Chiropractic and Functional Medicine Clinic works with primary healthcare providers and specialists to develop an optimal health and wellness solution. We focus on what works for you to relieve pain, restore function, and prevent injury. Regarding musculoskeletal pain, specialists like chiropractors, acupuncturists, and massage therapists can help mitigate the pain through spinal adjustments that help the body realign itself. They can also work with other medical professionals to integrate a treatment plan to resolve musculoskeletal issues.
Chiropractic Secrets
References
Kawchuk, G. N., Fryer, J., Jaremko, J. L., Zeng, H., Rowe, L., & Thompson, R. (2015). Real-time visualization of joint cavitation. PloS one, 10(4), e0119470. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119470
AICA Orthopedics. (2022). Is cracking your back bad? https://aica.com/is-cracking-your-back-bad/
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. (2025). Spinal manipulation: what you need to know. Retrieved from https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/spinal-manipulation-what-you-need-to-know
American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons. (2022). Spine conditioning program. https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/recovery/spine-conditioning-program/
National Library of Medicine. MedlinePlus. (2023). Chiropractic. Retrieved from https://medlineplus.gov/chiropractic.html
Learn about kyphosis, its causes and symptoms, and treatment approaches to alleviate discomfort and improve posture.
What Is Kyphosis?
How frequently have you seen that after spending too much time sitting down, your posture has become more hunched? Do you have neck and shoulder strains that are momentarily relieved by stretching? Or do you experience shoulder and back discomfort and tension as a result of bad posture? Frequently, people have experienced musculoskeletal problems that may impact the neck, shoulders, and back—the three most frequent parts of the body. A spinal disorder called kyphosis may result from prolonged hunching. An increase in the forward curve of the spine that affects the thoracic location is known as kyphosis, and it may be brought on by degenerative alterations in the intervertebral discs. (Lam & Mukhdomi, 2025) The development of a hunchback or rounded upper back is a symptom of kyphosis that may impact posture and general musculoskeletal health. Depending on how severe the kyphosis is, the symptoms might vary from severe stiffness and pain to trouble breathing. Finding different treatment choices for this spinal ailment may also be made easier for many people by having a better grasp of the environmental variables that contribute to its development and the symptoms that are connected with it.
Environmental Factors Contributing to Kyphosis
Kyphosis may occur as a result of many environmental factors. This is because a lot of individuals engage in physically demanding activities that put a lot of strain on the spine. On the other hand, kyphosis may occur as a result of the spine’s gradual aging process. Among the environmental elements that cause kyphosis are:
Bad Posture
Living a Sedentary Lifestyle
Overweight Items & Inappropriate Lifting
Osteoporosis
Conditions & Injuries of the Spine
Kyphosis Symptoms & Its Effects on the Musculoskeletal System
Because it may impact both the cervical and thoracic regions of the spine, kyphosis can result in a number of musculoskeletal issues.When kyphosis begins to damage the cervical region, it may result in referred neck pain, which puts more pressure on the soft tissues in the back. This forces the head to cope with a mechanical imbalance, which puts strain on the muscles and creates weariness. (Ogura and others, 2021) At the same time, when kyphosis begins to impact the thoracic spine, other risk factors include poor bone density and dysfunction in the lower extremities in older persons, which may restrict movement. (Lorbergs and others, 2017). Other musculoskeletal problems linked to kyphosis include:
Stiffness & Pain in the Upper Back
Minimal Flexibility & Mobility
Referred pain
Weakness and Muscle Fatigue
Digestive & Breathing Problems
Understanding Long-Lasting Injuries- Video
Treatment Approaches For Kyphosis
If the spinal curvature has become much worse, many people have chosen to undergo surgery to manage the symptoms of kyphosis. Nonetheless, a lot of individuals have chosen nonsurgical treatments since they are less expensive and noninvasive. In order to improve a person’s posture and lessen the difficulties associated with kyphosis, nonsurgical therapies may take many different forms. (Jenkins et al., 2021) When individuals begin using nonsurgical methods to lessen cervical kyphosis, their mobility and postural control will significantly improve. (Oakley and others, 2024)
Chiropractic Care & More
For those with kyphosis, chiropractic adjustments are a non-invasive treatment option that may help reduce pain and realign the spine. The goal of chiropractic therapy is to stretch and strengthen weak, tense muscles while realigning the spine to its natural position. By increasing the range of motion in the neck, chiropractic therapy may alleviate overlapping risk profiles, such as headaches and kyphotic neck discomfort. (Norton and others, 2022) Additionally, in order to avoid a slouched posture, chiropractors may create a personalized treatment plan for those with kyphosis that offers substantial relief from the neck to the back. (Fortner and others, 2017). For those with kyphosis, chiropractic adjustments may provide the following advantages:
Adjustments to the spine may help realign the vertebrae, improve posture, and lessen excessive curvature.
Postural Training: To improve support, chiropractors may provide workouts that build stronger core and back muscles.
Pain management: Spinal decompression methods and manual treatment may ease tense muscles and lessen transferred pain.
Increased Flexibility and Mobility: Mobility exercises and stretching help increase range of motion and avoid stiffness.
Additional Treatments For Kyphosis
In addition to chiropractic treatment, alternative kyphosis management techniques may enhance spinal stability and stop the progression of spine curvature. Among these extra treatments are;
Physical Therapy.
Supporting Postural Ergonomics
Final Thoughts
Although kyphosis may cause pain and suffering, quality of life can be greatly improved with early diagnosis and appropriate therapy. Proactively treating kyphosis may result in improved posture, less discomfort, and more mobility, whether via physical therapy, chiropractic adjustments, or lifestyle changes.
Injury Medical Chiropractic & Functional Medicine Clinic
We associate with certified medical providers who implement the importance of the causes and symptoms of kyphosis. While asking important questions to our associated medical providers, we advise patients to integrate small changes into their daily routine to reduce the effects of kyphosis from affecting the cervical and thoracic areas. Dr. Alex Jimenez, D.C., envisions this information as an academic service. Disclaimer.
References
Fortner, M. O., Oakley, P. A., & Harrison, D. E. (2017). Treating ‘slouchy’ (hyperkyphosis) posture with chiropractic biophysics((R)): a case report utilizing a multimodal mirror image((R)) rehabilitation program. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 29(8), 1475-1480. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.29.1475
Jenkins, H. J., Downie, A. S., Fernandez, M., & Hancock, M. J. (2021). Decreasing thoracic hyperkyphosis – Which treatments are most effective? A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Musculoskelet Sci Pract, 56, 102438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msksp.2021.102438
Lorbergs, A. L., Murabito, J. M., Jarraya, M., Guermazi, A., Allaire, B. T., Yang, L., Kiel, D. P., Cupples, L. A., Bouxsein, M. L., Travison, T. G., & Samelson, E. J. (2017). Thoracic Kyphosis and Physical Function: The Framingham Study. J Am Geriatr Soc, 65(10), 2257-2264. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.15038
Norton, T. C., Oakley, P. A., & Harrison, D. E. (2022). Improving the cervical lordosis relieves neck pain and chronic headaches in a pediatric: a Chiropractic Biophysics((R)) (CBP((R))) case report with a 17-month follow-up. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 34(1), 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.34.71
Oakley, P. A., Gage, W. H., Harrison, D. E., & Mochizuki, G. (2024). Non-surgical reduction in thoracolumbar kyphosis and sagittal vertical axis corresponding with improved sensorimotor control in an older adult with spinal deformity: a Chiropractic Biophysics((R)) case report. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 36(11), 756-764. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.36.756
Ogura, Y., Dimar, J. R., Djurasovic, M., & Carreon, L. Y. (2021). Etiology and treatment of cervical kyphosis: state of the art review-a narrative review. J Spine Surg, 7(3), 422-433. https://doi.org/10.21037/jss-21-54
Can the straight leg test help find the cause of back or hamstring pain in individuals experiencing it?
Straight Leg Test
The straight leg raise test is often used to diagnose sciatica/radiculopathy, herniated discs, and other spinal problems. The healthcare provider giving the test performs most of the movement as they assess what’s causing the leg and/or back pain. The patient lies on their back with the legs straight. The provider will have the patient perform specific movements and inform them of how it feels. Then, they’ll raise the leg to see if and at what point symptoms begin to show. Providers often use this test alongside imaging studies.
Some studies suggest the straight leg test helps diagnose sciatica and other causes. (Pesonen J. et al., 2021)
Purpose
The straight leg raise is one of the most common manual tests done during physical exams. The straight leg raise test seeks to reproduce the pain or other symptoms in a controlled fashion to provide clues to what’s happening. It is a manual exam, and the healthcare provider will:
Position the patient
Moves the patient
Create pressure to see how well the patient can resist it
This is often used alongside imaging tests, such as an X-ray or CT scan. (Allegri M. et al., 2016) Its goal is to check for nerve movement and sensitivity of nerve tissue to compression. The straight leg lift test is neurodynamic because it uses movement to diagnose nerve problems. (Baselgia L.T. et al., 2017)
During the Test
Expect to feel some pain during the test, as the whole point is to see what aggravates the symptoms. They may be caused by:
Most of the tests are passive, with the provider doing the lifting. The patient can help achieve the most accurate result by staying as relaxed as possible and being clear about what is felt. (Pande K. 2015) The procedure:
The patient lies on their back with their legs straight.
The provider will ask the patient to turn one of the legs in.
This tells them what hip position affects the lower back symptoms.
They’ll then ask you to bring the leg toward the body’s center.
Then, they’ll lift the straight leg until the patient experiences symptoms.
Pain suggests a herniated disc.
If there is no pain, this also provides valuable information.
The procedure is repeated with the other leg.
Modifications
It’s important to let the examiner know about any limitations. The straight leg raise test has modifications if the patient cannot lift their leg while it’s straight or if they have difficulty lying on their back, which can also help avoid an injury during the test.
Variations
The healthcare provider may repeat the test with the ankle in a dorsiflexed position/raising the foot. Then, they’ll have the patient do it with their chin tucked into their chest. (Young R. et al., 2013) These variations can help check for nerve involvement in specific locations, such as the spinal cord or the dura mater, the membrane covering the brain and spinal cord. (Venne G. et al., 2017) The spinal cord nerves are likely involved and affected if the usual pain is in the back or leg but not the chin, neck, or foot. (Camino Willhuber GO, Piuzzi NS. 2023)
Injury Medical Chiropractic and Functional Medicine Clinic
Injury Medical Chiropractic and Functional Medicine Clinic works with primary healthcare providers and specialists to build optimal health and wellness solutions. We focus on what works for you to relieve pain, restore function, prevent injury, and mitigate issues through adjustments that help the body realign itself. The clinic can also work with other medical professionals to integrate a treatment plan to resolve musculoskeletal problems.
From Injury to Recovery with Chiropractic Care
References
Casiano, V. E., Sarwan, G., Dydyk, A. M., & Varacallo, M. A. (2025). Back Pain. In StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30844200
Pesonen, J., Shacklock, M., Suomalainen, J. S., Karttunen, L., Mäki, J., Airaksinen, O., & Rade, M. (2021). Extending the straight leg raise test for improved clinical evaluation of sciatica: validity and diagnostic performance with reference to the magnetic resonance imaging. BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 22(1), 808. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-021-04649-z
Allegri, M., Montella, S., Salici, F., Valente, A., Marchesini, M., Compagnone, C., Baciarello, M., Manferdini, M. E., & Fanelli, G. (2016). Mechanisms of low back pain: a guide for diagnosis and therapy. F1000Research, 5, F1000 Faculty Rev-1530. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.8105.2
Baselgia, L. T., Bennett, D. L., Silbiger, R. M., & Schmid, A. B. (2017). Negative Neurodynamic Tests Do Not Exclude Neural Dysfunction in Patients With Entrapment Neuropathies. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 98(3), 480–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2016.06.019
Pande K. (2015). The Use of Passive Straight Leg Raising Test: A Survey of Clinicians. Malaysian Orthopaedic Journal, 9(3), 44–48. https://doi.org/10.5704/MOJ.1511.012
Young, R., Nix, S., Wholohan, A., Bradhurst, R., & Reed, L. (2013). Interventions for increasing ankle joint dorsiflexion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of foot and ankle research, 6(1), 46. https://doi.org/10.1186/1757-1146-6-46
Venne, G., Rasquinha, B. J., Kunz, M., & Ellis, R. E. (2017). Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor: Histological and Biomechanical Links to the Spinal Dura Mater. Spine, 42(8), E466–E473. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0000000000001867
Camino Willhuber, G. O., & Piuzzi, N. S. (2025). Straight Leg Raise Test. In StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30969539
Could incorporating standing lumbar flexion exercise into a daily routine help decrease pain and improve overall spinal mobility for individuals with low back pain?
Standing Lower Back Flexion Exercise
A chiropractic physical therapy team visit can help determine which exercises are best for an individual’s injury or condition and teach them what to stop doing if they have low back pain. Exercise and proper posture can decrease discomfort and improve mobility for individuals with low back pain. (Suh, J. H. et al., 2019) Sometimes, exercises that bend backward are recommended, while other times, flexion or forward bending movements are the best way to manage lower back pain. Many find the standing Williams lumbar flexion exercises maneuver helpful for low back pain. (Amila A, Syapitri H, Sembiring E. 2021)
Benefits
Individuals with certain diagnoses may benefit from spinal flexion. These diagnoses include:
Be sure to speak with a healthcare provider to understand the diagnosis and low back symptoms, and work with a physical therapist to be sure that forward flexion of the spine is the correct exercise for your back.
When To Avoid Lumbar Flexion
Some should avoid excessive forward bending, which could cause further damage or injury to the spine. Reasons to avoid flexion include:
Neurological signs such as difficulty urinating or controlling bowel movements (Howell E. R. 2012)
Before starting this or any other exercise program for your spine, check with a healthcare provider or physical therapist.
How to Perform
Gradually progressing with other gentle lumbar flexion exercises before full-standing lumbar flexion is recommended. These include performing a week or two of lumbar flexion lying down, followed by a couple weeks of lumbar flexion seated. Once these exercises are easy to perform and pain-free, progress with lumbar flexion standing postures.To perform, follow these steps:
Stand with your feet shoulder-width apart.
Slowly bend forward by sliding your hands down the front of your thighs.
Reach down as far as possible and let your lower back bend forward.
Grab your ankles and gently pull into more forward flexion to increase the backstretch.
Hold the end position for a second or two, then slowly return to the starting position.
As you exercise, be sure to monitor changes in symptoms. Pain worsening in the back or traveling down your leg indicates that you should stop the exercise (Spine-health, 2017). If the pain decreases in your leg or centralizes to your back, continue the exercise. Standing lumbar flexion can be repeated for 10 repetitions a couple of times daily. It can help decrease low back or leg pain symptoms and stretch tight hamstrings and back muscles. (Montefiore Pediatric Orthopedic and Scoliosis Center, 2003)
Injury Medical Chiropractic and Functional Medicine Clinic
Exercise can also prevent future lower back problems. Standing back flexion, postural correction, regular physical activity, and exercise are tools for keeping the spine healthy. Injury Medical Chiropractic and Functional Medicine Clinic works with primary healthcare providers and specialists to build optimal health and wellness solutions. We focus on what works for you to relieve pain, restore function, prevent injury, and help mitigate issues through adjustments that help the body realign itself. They can also work with other medical professionals to integrate a treatment plan to resolve musculoskeletal problems.
What Causes Disc Herniation?
References
Suh, J. H., Kim, H., Jung, G. P., Ko, J. Y., & Ryu, J. S. (2019). The effect of lumbar stabilization and walking exercises on chronic low back pain: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine, 98(26), e16173. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000016173
Amila A, Syapitri H, Sembiring E. (2021). The effect of William Flexion Exercise on reducing pain intensity for elderly with low back pain. Int J Nurs Health Serv., 4(1), 28-36. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35654/ijnhs.v4i1.374
Lurie, J., & Tomkins-Lane, C. (2016). Management of lumbar spinal stenosis. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 352, h6234. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h6234
Sfeir, J. G., Drake, M. T., Sonawane, V. J., & Sinaki, M. (2018). Vertebral compression fractures associated with yoga: a case series. European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine, 54(6), 947–951. https://doi.org/10.23736/S1973-9087.18.05034-7
Howell E. R. (2012). Conservative management of a 31 year old male with left sided low back and leg pain: a case report. The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association, 56(3), 225–232.
Spine-health. (2017). Exercise with lower back pain: Should you work through the pain? Spine-health
Knowledge from Veritas. https://www.spine-health.com/blog/exercising-lower-back-pain-should-you-work-through-pain
Montefiore Pediatric Orthopedic and Scoliosis Center. Center, M. P. O. a. S. (2003). Low Back Strain. https://www.cham.org/File%20Library/Global%20Navigation/Expertise%20And%20Programs/Pediatric%20Expertise/Orthopedics/Monte-LOW-BACK-STRAIN-WITH-EXERCISES.pdf
Can individuals managing facet arthropathy treat the condition with over-the-counter pain relievers, prescription muscle relaxers, exercise, and chiropractic spinal manipulation?
Facet Arthropathy
Facet arthropathy, or facet osteoarthritis, is arthritis that affects the facet joints in the spine. It causes pain and stiffness due to cartilage degeneration within these joints, often resulting from wear and tear associated with aging. Essentially, it occurs when the small joints in the back of the spine become arthritic and rub against each other painfully.
It affects the bony protrusions, called facet joints, that connect the spine’s bones.
Symptoms include neck and back pain that can worsen with standing, bending, or twisting.
Facet arthropathy is diagnosed using X-rays and other imaging studies.
Severe cases may require surgery.
Facet Joints
Twenty-four vertebrae form the spine, with two facet joints between each. Facet joints are small joints located at the back of each vertebra in the spine. They allow movement and stability, help maintain the alignment of the spinal bones/vertebrae, and limit excessive motion. The joints and the cushioning intervertebral disc form a three-joint complex between each vertebra.
The three-joint complex allows the spine to move, including bending, rotating, and extending.
Synovial fluid lubricates the joints so they can move.
The intervertebral disc provides flexibility and dissipates compressive loads.
The facet joints stabilize the spine by constraining rotation and bending.
Symptoms
Arthropathy refers to any disease affecting a joint, including arthritis. Osteoarthritis, also known as arthrosis, is a specific type of arthropathy. It is a non-inflammatory, degenerative arthritis. Pain is the main symptom that is typically worse in the morning when awakening, and in the evening, the pain can also get worse when twisting or bending backward. The symptoms can vary based on the part of the affected spine. Low back pain is the most common, a condition referred to as lumbar facet arthropathy because it affects the lumbar spine of the lower back. (Perolat R. et al., 2018) Common Symptoms include:
Muscle spasms or cramps.
Pain that may come in periodic flare-ups
Pain that worsens with standing or inactivity.
Dull pain on both sides of the spine.
Aching pain on both sides of the spine.
Pain in the lower back, buttocks, shoulders, or back of the skull
Radiating pain to the buttocks and legs.
Pain that improves with sitting, leaning forward, or changing positions.
Pins-and-needles sensations in the hands or feet.
Clicking sounds when moving the spine.
Catching sensations when moving the spine.
Muscle weakness.
Causes
Facet arthropathy causes progressive damage to the spine. Spinal osteoarthritis, aka spondylosis, is the most common cause, but it can also occur with a severe form of spinal arthritis known as ankylosing spondylitis. It is primarily due to age-related wear and tear, but injuries or repetitive stress on the spine can also cause it. Arthritis in the facet joints can develop due to:
Aging-related wear and tear
Disc problems
A previous back injury
Torn ligaments
Spinal fractures
Deterioration of facet joints can also cause bony overgrowths called osteophytes or bone spurs, which can cause radiating pain and restrict the spine’s range of motion.
Degeneration
The facet joints and intervertebral discs degenerate due to age-related wear and tear.
The cartilage in the facet joints can dry out, crack, and wear down.
The joint capsule and synovial membrane can inflame or tear, affecting synovial fluid production.
The loss of cartilage can lead to hypermobility, and the joint can stiffen over time.
Diagnosis
Imaging studies are important to the diagnosis. Several types confirm the diagnosis and also characterize the nature and severity of the condition:
X-rays provide a plain, black-and-white image of the spinal column.
CT scan composites multiple X-rays to create a three-dimensional image of the spinal column.
MRI uses magnetic and radio waves to generate images of soft tissues like ligaments and cartilage.
To confirm the diagnosis, a diagnostic block, which is a small amount of local anesthetic, is injected into a facet joint. The needle placement is directed either with an ultrasound or a CT scan. Facet arthroplasty is confirmed if the injection provides immediate relief (American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 2022). The healthcare provider will want to exclude other possible causes as part of the differential diagnosis. Conditions that mimic facet arthropathy include:
Herniated disc
Psoriatic arthritis
Reactive arthritis
Spinal gout
Spinal compression fracture
Treatment
The treatment varies depending on the location and severity of the condition. Generally, conservative treatments are used before more invasive procedures are considered.
Lifestyle Changes
Initially, a healthcare provider may recommend rest and avoiding aggravating movements, including any activity that involves bending or twisting.
Activities that take the weight off the facet joint, such as sitting, leaning forward, or changing positions, may help ease the pain.
Patients may also be advised to adjust their sleep positions to take the pressure off facet joints.
Options included curling up on your side or lying on your back with the knees supported with pillows.
Medications
If a diagnostic block is used, a patient may not need medications immediately. However, as the anesthetic starts to wear off, the patient may be prescribed over-the-counter or prescription pain relievers based on the severity of the pain. These can include:
Analgesics like Tylenol
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like Advil or Aleve
Muscle relaxants like Lloresal for acute back pain
Antidepressants like Cymbalta for chronic back pain
Physical Therapy
Physical therapy is a major part of the treatment of lower back pain. The treatment plan will include personalized exercises to strengthen the core muscles and avoid stress on the spine. Examples include:
Knee-to-chest stretches, hugging your knees for 30 to 60 seconds.
Walking 10 to 20 minutes per day.
Aquatic therapy to alleviate pressure on the spine.
Surgery
If conservative measures don’t work or provide sufficient relief, a healthcare provider may recommend specialist procedures or surgeries that include:
Lumbar intra-articular injections deliver an anesthetic or corticosteroid into the spine for longer-lasting pain relief.
Sinuvertebral nerve ablation destroys spinal nerves with a strong electrical current.
Extracorporeal shockwave therapy ESWT delivers low- or high-energy electrical pulses to help ease pain.
Spinal fusion surgery involves fusing two or more vertebrae to eliminate movement and pain in the facet joints.
Facet rhizotomy is a surgical procedure used to sever one of the nerves supplying the facet joint.
Stem cell regeneration is an experimental procedure in which stem cells are harvested and injected into damaged joints to restore function.
Injury Medical Chiropractic and Functional Medicine Clinic
Injury Medical Chiropractic and Functional Medicine Clinic works with primary healthcare providers and specialists to build optimal health and wellness solutions. We focus on what works for you to relieve pain, restore function, prevent injury, and help mitigate issues through adjustments that help the body realign itself. They can also work with other medical professionals to integrate a treatment plan to resolve musculoskeletal problems.
Facet Syndrome Pain Treatment
References
Perolat, R., Kastler, A., Nicot, B., Pellat, J. M., Tahon, F., Attye, A., Heck, O., Boubagra, K., Grand, S., & Krainik, A. (2018). Facet joint syndrome: from diagnosis to interventional management. Insights into imaging, 9(5), 773–789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13244-018-0638-x
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. (2022). Spinal injections. https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/treatment/spinal-injections/
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