Those experiencing neck pain, stiffness, headache, shoulder and back pain may suffer from a whiplash injury. Can knowing whiplash signs and symptoms help individuals recognize the injury and help healthcare providers develop an effective treatment plan?
Whiplash Signs and Symptoms
Whiplash is a neck injury that typically occurs after a motor vehicle collision or accident but can happen with any injury that rapidly whips the neck forward and backward. It is a mild to moderate injury of the neck muscles. Common whiplash signs and symptoms include:
Some individuals can develop chronic pain and headaches.
The symptoms and treatment depend on the severity of the injury. Treatment can include over-the-counter pain medicines, ice and heat therapy, chiropractic, physical therapy, and stretching exercises.
Frequent Signs and Symptoms
The sudden whipping movement of the head can affect several structures within the neck. These structures include:
Muscles
Bones
Joints
Tendons
Ligaments
Intervertebral discs
Blood vessels
Nerves.
Any or all of these can be affected by a whiplash injury. (MedlinePlus, 2017)
Statistics
Whiplash is a neck sprain that occurs from a fast neck-jerking motion. Whiplash injuries account for more than half of vehicle traffic collision injuries. (Michele Sterling, 2014) Even with a minor injury, the most frequent symptoms include: (Nobuhiro Tanaka et al., 2018)
Neck pain
Next stiffness
Neck tenderness
Limited range of motion of the neck
Individuals can develop neck discomfort and pain shortly after an injury; however, the more intense pain and stiffness typically do not occur right after the injury. Symptoms tend to worsen the next day or 24 hours later. (Nobuhiro Tanaka et al., 2018)
Beginning Symptoms
Researchers have found that approximately more than half of individuals with whiplash develop symptoms within six hours of the injury. Around 90% develop symptoms within 24 hours, and 100% develop symptoms within 72 hours. (Nobuhiro Tanaka et al., 2018)
Whiplash vs. Traumatic Cervical Spine Injury
Whiplash describes a mild to moderate neck injury without significant skeletal or neurological symptoms. Significant neck injuries can lead to fractures and dislocations of the spine that can affect the nerves and spinal cord. Once an individual develops neurological problems associated with a neck injury, the diagnosis changes from whiplash to traumatic cervical spine injury. These differences can be confusing as they are on the same spectrum. To better understand the severity of a neck sprain, the Quebec classification system divides neck injury into the following grades (Nobuhiro Tanaka et al., 2018)
Grade 0
This means there are no neck symptoms or physical examination signs.
Grade 1
There is neck pain and stiffness.
Very few findings from the physical examination.
Grade 2
Indicates neck pain and stiffness
Neck tenderness
Decreased mobility or neck range of motion on physical examination.
Grade 3
Involves muscle pain and stiffness.
Neurologic symptoms include:
Numbness
Tingling
Weakness in the arms
Decreased reflexes
Grade 4
Involves a fracture or dislocation of the bones of the spinal column.
Other Symptoms
Other whiplash signs and symptoms that can be associated with the injury but are less common or only occur with a severe injury include (Nobuhiro Tanaka et al., 2018)
Tension headache
Jaw pain
Sleep problems
Migraine headache
Difficulty concentrating
Reading difficulties
Blurred vision
Dizziness
Driving difficulties
Rare Symptoms
Individuals with severe injuries can develop rare symptoms that often indicate traumatic cervical spine injury and include: (Nobuhiro Tanaka et al., 2018)
Amnesia
Tremor
Voice changes
Torticollis – painful muscle spasms that keep the head turned to one side.
Bleeding in the brain
Complications
Most individual generally recover from their symptoms within a few weeks to a few months. (Michele Sterling, 2014) However, whiplash complications can occur, especially with severe grade 3 or grade 4 injuries. The most common complications of a whiplash injury include chronic/long-term pain and headaches. (Michele Sterling, 2014) Traumatic cervical spine injury can affect the spinal cord and be associated with chronic neurological problems, including numbness, weakness, and difficulty walking. (Luc van Den Hauwe et al., 2020)
Treatment
The pain is typically more severe the next day than after the injury. Whiplash musculoskeletal injury treatment depends on whether it is an acute injury or the individual has developed chronic neck pain and stiffness.
Acute pain can be treated with over-the-counter medicines like Tylenol and Advil, which effectively treat the pain.
Advil is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory that can be taken with the pain reliever Tylenol, which works in different ways.
The mainstay of treatment is encouraging regular activity with stretching and exercise. (Michele Sterling, 2014)
Physical therapy uses various range of motion exercises to strengthen the neck muscles and relieve the pain.
Chiropractic adjustments and non-surgical decompression can help realign and nourish the spine.
Acupuncture can cause the body to release natural hormones that provide pain relief, help relax the soft tissues, increase circulation, and reduce inflammation. The cervical spine can return to alignment when the soft tissues are no longer inflamed and spasming. (Tae-Woong Moon et al., 2014)
Neck Injuries
References
Medicine, J. H. (2024). Whiplash Injury. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/whiplash-injury
MedlinePlus. (2017). Neck Injuries and Disorders. Retrieved from https://medlineplus.gov/neckinjuriesanddisorders.html#cat_95
Sterling M. (2014). Physiotherapy management of whiplash-associated disorders (WAD). Journal of physiotherapy, 60(1), 5–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphys.2013.12.004
Tanaka, N., Atesok, K., Nakanishi, K., Kamei, N., Nakamae, T., Kotaka, S., & Adachi, N. (2018). Pathology and Treatment of Traumatic Cervical Spine Syndrome: Whiplash Injury. Advances in orthopedics, 2018, 4765050. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4765050
van Den Hauwe L, Sundgren PC, Flanders AE. (2020). Spinal Trauma and Spinal Cord Injury (SCI). In: Hodler J, Kubik-Huch RA, von Schulthess GK, editors. Diseases of the Brain, Head and Neck, Spine 2020–2023: Diagnostic Imaging [Internet]. Cham (CH): Springer; 2020. Chapter 19. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554330/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-38490-6_19
Moon, T. W., Posadzki, P., Choi, T. Y., Park, T. Y., Kim, H. J., Lee, M. S., & Ernst, E. (2014). Acupuncture for treating whiplash associated disorder: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM, 2014, 870271. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/870271
For athletes and sports enthusiasts, a torn triceps can be a serious injury. Can knowing their symptoms, causes, risk factors, and potential complications help healthcare providers develop an effective treatment plan?
Torn Triceps Injury
The triceps is the muscle on the back of the upper arm that allows the elbow to straighten. Fortunately, triceps tears are uncommon, but they can be serious. The injury affects men more often than women and usually occurs from trauma, sports, and/or exercise activities. Depending on the extent and severity of the injury, a torn triceps injury can require splinting, physical therapy, and possibly surgery to regain movement and strength. Recovery after a triceps tear typically lasts around six months. (The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center. 2021)
Anatomy
The triceps brachii muscle, or triceps, runs along the back of the upper arm. It is named tri- because it has three heads – the long, medial, and lateral head. (Sendic G. 2023) The triceps originates at the shoulder and attaches to the shoulder blade/scapula and upper arm bone/humerus. At the bottom, it attaches to the point of the elbow. This is the bone on the pinky side of the forearm, known as the ulna. The triceps cause movement at the shoulder and the elbow joint. At the shoulder, it performs extension or backward movement of the arm and adduction or moving the arm toward the body. The main function of this muscle is at the elbow, where it performs extension or straightening of the elbow. The triceps work the opposite of the biceps muscle on the front of the upper arm, which conducts flexion or bending of the elbow.
Triceps Tear
Tears can occur anywhere along the length of a muscle or tendon, which is the structure that attaches the muscle to the bones. Triceps tears commonly occur in the tendon connecting the triceps to the back of the elbow. Muscle and tendon tears are graded from 1 to 3 based on severity. (Alberto Grassi et al., 2016)
Grade 1 Mild
These small tears cause pain that worsens with movement.
There is some swelling, bruising, and minimal loss of function.
Grade 2 Moderate
These tears are larger and have moderate swelling and bruising.
The fibers are partially torn and stretched.
Up to 50% loss of function.
Grade 3 Severe
This is the worst type of tear, where the muscle or tendon is completely torn.
These injuries cause severe pain and disability.
Symptoms
Triceps tears cause immediate pain in the back of the elbow and upper arm that worsens when trying to move the elbow. Individuals might also feel and/or hear a popping or tearing sensation. There will be swelling, and the skin will likely be red and/or bruised. With a partial tear, the arm will feel weak. If there is a complete tear, there will be significant weakness when straightening the elbow. Individuals may also notice a lump on the back of their arm where the muscles have contracted and knotted together.
Causes
Triceps tears usually occur during trauma, when the muscle is contracted and an external force pushes the elbow into a bent position. (Kyle Casadei et al., 2020) One of the most common causes is by falling on an outstretched arm. Triceps tears also occur during sports activities like:
Throwing a baseball
Blocking in a football game
Gymnastics
Boxing
When a player falls and lands on their arm.
Tears can also happen when using heavy weights during triceps-targeted exercises, such as the bench press.
Tears can also occur from direct trauma to the muscle, like a motor vehicle accident, but are less common.
Long-Term
Triceps tears can develop over time as a result of tendonitis. This condition usually occurs from repetitive use of the triceps muscle during activities like manual labor or exercise. Triceps tendonitis is sometimes referred to as weightlifter’s elbow. (Orthopedic & Spine Center. N.D.) The strain on tendons causes tiny tears that the body typically heals. However, if more strain is placed on the tendon than it can keep up with, the tiny tears can begin to grow.
Risk Factors
Risk factors can increase the risk of a triceps tear. Underlying medical conditions can weaken tendons, increasing the risk of injury, and can include: (Tony Mangano et al., 2015)
Diabetes
Rheumatoid arthritis
Hyperparathyroidism
Lupus
Xanthoma – fatty deposits of cholesterol under the skin.
Hemangioendothelioma – cancerous or noncancerous tumors caused by abnormal growth of blood vessel cells.
Chronic kidney failure
Chronic tendonitis or bursitis in the elbow.
Individuals who have had cortisone shots in the tendon.
Individuals using anabolic steroids.
Triceps tears tend to occur more commonly in males between 30 and 50. (Ortho Bullets. 2022) This comes from participating in activities like football, weightlifting, bodybuilding, and manual labor, which also increases the risk of injury.
Treatment
Treatment depends on which part of the triceps is affected and the extent of the damage. It may only need resting for a few weeks, physical therapy, or require surgery.
Nonsurgical
Partial tears in the triceps that involve less than 50% of the tendon can often be treated without surgery. (Mehmet Demirhan, Ali Ersen 2016) Initial treatment includes:
Splinting the elbow with a slight bend for four to six weeks allows the injured tissue to heal. (Ortho Bullets. 2022)
During this time, ice can be applied to the area for 15 to 20 minutes several times daily to help decrease pain and swelling.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications/NSAIDs – Aleve, Advil, and Bayer can help reduce inflammation.
Other over-the-counter medications like Tylenol can help decrease the pain.
Once the splint is removed, physical therapy will help restore movement and strength in the elbow.
Full movement is expected to return within 12 weeks, but full strength will not return until six to nine months after the injury. (Mehmet Demirhan, Ali Ersen 2016)
Surgery
Triceps tendon tears that involve more than 50% of the tendon require surgery. In some cases, however, surgery may still be recommended for tears smaller than 50% if the individual has a physically demanding job or plans to resume playing sports at a high level. Tears in the muscle belly or area where the muscle and tendon join are typically sewn back together. If the tendon is no longer attached to the bone, it is screwed back on. Recovery and physical therapy after surgery depend on the specific surgeon’s protocols. In general, individuals will spend a couple of weeks in a brace. Around four weeks after surgery, individuals will be able to start moving the elbow again. However, they won’t be able to start doing heavy lifting for four to six months. (Ortho Bullets. 2022) (Mehmet Demirhan, Ali Ersen 2016)
Complications
Complications can occur after triceps repair, whether there was surgery or not. For example, individuals may have problems regaining full elbow extension or straightening. They are also at a higher risk of re-rupture if they try to use the arm before it’s fully healed. (Mehmet Demirhan, Ali Ersen 2016)
Chiropractic Care for Healing After Trauma
References
The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center. (2021). Distal triceps repair: clinical care guideline. (Medicine, Issue. https://medicine.osu.edu/-/media/files/medicine/departments/sports-medicine/medical-professionals/shoulder-and-elbow/distaltricepsrepair.pdf?
Sendic G. Kenhub. (2023). Triceps brachii muscle Kenhub. https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/triceps-brachii-muscle
Grassi, A., Quaglia, A., Canata, G. L., & Zaffagnini, S. (2016). An update on the grading of muscle injuries: a narrative review from clinical to comprehensive systems. Joints, 4(1), 39–46. https://doi.org/10.11138/jts/2016.4.1.039
Casadei, K., Kiel, J., & Freidl, M. (2020). Triceps Tendon Injuries. Current sports medicine reports, 19(9), 367–372. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000749
Mangano, T., Cerruti, P., Repetto, I., Trentini, R., Giovale, M., & Franchin, F. (2015). Chronic Tendonopathy as a Unique Cause of Non Traumatic Triceps Tendon Rupture in a (Risk Factors Free) Bodybuilder: A Case Report. Journal of orthopaedic case reports, 5(1), 58–61. https://doi.org/10.13107/jocr.2250-0685.257
For individuals living with cyclical or chronic endometriosis symptoms, can incorporating support therapies help in disease management?
Support Therapies
Endometriosis is a disorder in which tissue similar to the uterine lining begins to grow outside the uterus where it does not belong. Endometriosis support therapies involve a comprehensive approach to treatment. It involves non-invasive treatments to help manage symptoms that can include:
A physical therapist uses various pressures, stretching, and/or trigger point release. This helps: (Sylvia Mechsner, 2022)
Release muscle tension
Lower cortisol – stress hormone
Improve circulation
Release endorphins – the body’s natural painkillers
Medications
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or NSAIDs and hormonal contraceptives – birth control are the first line of treatment. Advil and Motrin are over-the-counter NSAIDs. If those don’t manage pain effectively, a healthcare provider may recommend prescription NSAIDs. (Sylvia Mechsner, 2022) Hormonal suppression agents or estrogen modulators are a second line of treatment for endometriosis and can include: (Christian M. Becker et al., 2022)
Hormonal contraceptives suppress or regulate periods. They are effective for management, but not everyone can take them because of medical history, side effects, or fertility disorders and conditions. (Mert Ilhan et al., 2019) A healthcare provider can recommend alternative support therapies.
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation
A transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation utilizes a battery-operated device that delivers low-voltage electrical stimulation to nerve fibers through electrodes placed on the skin.
Sessions are usually 15 to 30 minutes and work by disrupting pain signals. (Sylvia Mechsner, 2022)
Acupuncture
Acupuncture is a therapy in which a practitioner inserts thin needles into specific acupoints on the body to promote the flow of energy and alleviate pain. (Nora Giese et al., 2023)
Chiropractic
Chiropractic care focuses on spinal adjustments and alignment to enhance nervous system function, help alleviate pelvic discomfort and nerve pain – sciatica – and improve overall well-being. (Robert J. Trager et al., 2021)
Non-surgical decompression could be recommended to gently stretch the spine, relieve pressure, and flood the spine with added nutrients.
Movement Medicine: Chiropractic Care
References
Mansfield, C., Lenobel, D., McCracken, K., Hewitt, G., & Appiah, L. C. (2022). Impact of Pelvic Floor Physical Therapy on Function in Adolescents and Young Adults with Biopsy-Confirmed Endometriosis at a Tertiary Children’s Hospital: A Case Series. Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology, 35(6), 722–727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2022.07.004
Mechsner S. (2022). Endometriosis, an Ongoing Pain-Step-by-Step Treatment. Journal of clinical medicine, 11(2), 467. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11020467
Ilhan, M., Gürağaç Dereli, F. T., & Akkol, E. K. (2019). Novel Drug Targets with Traditional Herbal Medicines for Overcoming Endometriosis. Current drug delivery, 16(5), 386–399. https://doi.org/10.2174/1567201816666181227112421
Becker, C. M., Bokor, A., Heikinheimo, O., Horne, A., Jansen, F., Kiesel, L., King, K., Kvaskoff, M., Nap, A., Petersen, K., Saridogan, E., Tomassetti, C., van Hanegem, N., Vulliemoz, N., Vermeulen, N., & ESHRE Endometriosis Guideline Group (2022). ESHRE guideline: endometriosis. Human reproduction open, 2022(2), hoac009. https://doi.org/10.1093/hropen/hoac009
Endometriosis Foundation of America. (2015). Seeking a doctor: finding the right endometriosis specialist. https://www.endofound.org/preparing-to-see-a-doctor
Pereira, A., Herrero-Trujillano, M., Vaquero, G., Fuentes, L., Gonzalez, S., Mendiola, A., & Perez-Medina, T. (2022). Clinical Management of Chronic Pelvic Pain in Endometriosis Unresponsive to Conventional Therapy. Journal of personalized medicine, 12(1), 101. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12010101
Giese, N., Kwon, K. K., & Armour, M. (2023). Acupuncture for endometriosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Integrative medicine research, 12(4), 101003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imr.2023.101003
Trager, R.J., Prosak, S.E., Leonard, K.A. et al. (2021). Diagnosis and management of sciatic endometriosis at the greater sciatic foramen: a case report. SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine, 3. https://doi.org/doi:10.1007/s42399-021-00941-0
Can using egg substitutes or replacements be safe for individuals with an egg allergy?
Substitutes and Replacements
Individuals should not assume either is safe unless they carefully read the label.
Egg substitutes may contain eggs.
Egg replacement products may be egg-free.
Look for alternatives labeled vegan or egg-free to ensure there are none.
Substitutes May Contain Eggs
Liquid egg substitutes in grocery store dairy aisles are made from eggs. The following all contain eggs and are not safe for individuals with egg allergies:
Generic liquid egg substitutes in cartons
Egg Beaters
Powdered egg white products
Replacements Are Safe Alternatives
Special replacement products that do not contain eggs are available.
They are labeled vegan egg substitutes.
They are usually sold in powdered form.
They are useful for baking.
They cannot be used as a replacement for eggs in foods like a quiche.
Always check the ingredients on the label before purchasing a product sold as a substitute or replacement to ensure it is completely free.
These products may also contain soy, dairy, or other food allergens.
Vegan – contains no animal products, which includes eggs and dairy.
Vegetarian – may contain eggs as they are not meat but an animal product.
Unaware of Foods With Eggs
Stay aware of eggs hidden in other food products, such as cakes, breads, pastries, noodles, crackers, and cereals.
The federal Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act requires that all packaged food products that contain eggs as an ingredient must list the word egg on the label. (U.S. Food & Drug Administration. 2022)
Other ingredients that indicate eggs are in the product include:
Angioedema – swelling of the lips, tongue, or face.
Airway symptoms – wheezing, coughing, or a runny nose.
Gastrointestinal symptoms – nausea, stomach pain, diarrhea or vomiting.
Severe reactions – such as anaphylaxis, can cause multiple organ system failure.
Anaphylaxis is an emergency and requires immediate medical treatment.
A Guide For Food Allergies, Hypersensitivity and Intolerances
References
U.S. Food & Drug Administration. (2022). Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act (FALCPA). Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/food/food-allergensgluten-free-guidance-documents-regulatory-information/food-allergen-labeling-and-consumer-protection-act-2004-falcpa
Tan, J. W., & Joshi, P. (2014). Egg allergy: an update. Journal of paediatrics and child health, 50(1), 11–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.12408
Can participating in a favorite sport several days a week help individuals trying to get fit or maintain a certain level of health?
Sports For Fitness
Spending hours in the gym can sometimes feel like a chore, especially for individuals who prefer competitive or recreational sports over traditional cardiovascular and resistance training. Various sports activities require only time, energy, sufficient apparel, and the willingness to play. Here are a few sports for fitness that can help improve overall health and wellness.
Cycling and Mountain Biking
Cycling is one of the best sports for fitness. Whether on roads or trails, fast or slow, it is a fantastic aerobic workout and benefits the leg muscles, specifically the quads, glutes, and hamstrings. Research has shown that, especially for those with diabetes, cycling can lower the risk of premature mortality. (Mathias Ried-Larsen et al., 2021)
There are appropriate bikes for all ages and stages.
Beginners start with paved trails.
Intermediate to advanced levels can engage in road cycling and mountain biking.
Road or mountain bike races for individuals looking to compete.
Racket Sports
Racket sports players range from all ages and fitness levels, entry-level to highly competitive, and all provide intense workouts.
Racket sports target the muscles in the back, shoulders, arms, chest, quads, glutes, hamstrings, and core.
Racquet sports have also been shown to lower the risk of cardiovascular disease mortality. (Pekka Oja et al., 2017)
Combine that with the endurance, speed, balance, and agility required to compete, and individuals will quickly see how these two sports can give a phenomenal workout while also burning a ton of calories.
Golf
For golf to be a fitness sport, individuals must walk all the holes while carrying or pushing the clubs.
What is needed is a supportive pair of shoes.
Walking the course can have multiple health benefits, including cardiovascular and respiratory health. (A. D. Murray et al., 2017)
Golf is a sport individuals can participate in at any life stage.
Water Sports
Paddleboarding, rowing, kayaking, and canoeing can provide a fitness solution for individuals who enjoy the outdoors. These sports increase heart rate, improve muscular endurance and strength, and burn serious calories. (Thomas Ian Gee et al., 2016)
Swimming
Activities that require upper and lower body muscles to work together rank high in sports for fitness. Swimming is the perfect full-body workout for anyone looking for an intense and competitive outlet that requires strength and endurance.
Swimming can be a year-round sport with various levels of competition.
Triathlon Training
Triathlon training is for lifelong athletes looking to improve endurance and strength and exercise beginners who need a goal; it is the ultimate sport for fitness.
Running, biking, and swimming together challenges every muscle and significantly increases aerobic and anaerobic fitness. (Naroa Etxebarria et al., 2019)
There’s something for every fitness level, from short sprint competitions to full Ironman events.
Basketball and Volleyball
Basketball and volleyball offer the physical benefits of a hard workout. These sports require sprinting, pivoting, and jumping, which engages the cardiovascular system and strengthens every muscle. Playing volleyball in the sand makes the muscles work harder.
Both sports are appropriate for most levels of fitness.
Beginners are recommended to learn the basic skills and go through drills before moving to games or matches.
Both sports require constant movement, increasing the risk of injury, so it is important to learn the fundamentals.
Talk to a healthcare provider before starting a new exercise routine or adding a new activity to an exercise regimen.
Lumbar Sports Injuries
References
Ried-Larsen, M., Rasmussen, M. G., Blond, K., Overvad, T. F., Overvad, K., Steindorf, K., Katzke, V., Andersen, J. L. M., Petersen, K. E. N., Aune, D., Tsilidis, K. K., Heath, A. K., Papier, K., Panico, S., Masala, G., Pala, V., Weiderpass, E., Freisling, H., Bergmann, M. M., Verschuren, W. M. M., … Grøntved, A. (2021). Association of Cycling With All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Among Persons With Diabetes: The European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Study. JAMA internal medicine, 181(9), 1196–1205. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.3836
Oja, P., Kelly, P., Pedisic, Z., Titze, S., Bauman, A., Foster, C., Hamer, M., Hillsdon, M., & Stamatakis, E. (2017). Associations of specific types of sports and exercise with all-cause and cardiovascular-disease mortality: a cohort study of 80 306 British adults. British journal of sports medicine, 51(10), 812–817. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096822
Murray, A. D., Daines, L., Archibald, D., Hawkes, R. A., Schiphorst, C., Kelly, P., Grant, L., & Mutrie, N. (2017). The relationships between golf and health: a scoping review. British journal of sports medicine, 51(1), 12–19. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096625
Ian Gee, T., Caplan, N., Christian Gibbon, K., Howatson, G., & Grant Thompson, K. (2016). Investigating the Effects of Typical Rowing Strength Training Practices on Strength and Power Development and 2,000 m Rowing Performance. Journal of human kinetics, 50, 167–177. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0153
Lo, G. H., Ikpeama, U. E., Driban, J. B., Kriska, A. M., McAlindon, T. E., Petersen, N. J., Storti, K. L., Eaton, C. B., Hochberg, M. C., Jackson, R. D., Kwoh, C. K., Nevitt, M. C., & Suarez-Almazor, M. E. (2020). Evidence that Swimming May Be Protective of Knee Osteoarthritis: Data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative. PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation, 12(6), 529–537. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmrj.12267
Etxebarria, N., Mujika, I., & Pyne, D. B. (2019). Training and Competition Readiness in Triathlon. Sports (Basel, Switzerland), 7(5), 101. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7050101
For individuals experiencing sacroiliac joint/SIJ dysfunction and pain, could applying kinesiology tape help bring relief and manage symptoms?
Kinesiology Tape For Sacroiliac Joint Pain
A lower back ailment that is common during pregnancy. The pain is usually on one or both sides of the back, just above the buttocks, that comes and goes and can limit the ability to bend, sit, and perform various physical activities. (Moayad Al-Subahi et al., 2017) The therapeutic tape provides support while allowing for movement and may help treat and manage sacroiliac joint/SIJ pain by:
Decreasing muscle spasms.
Facilitating muscular function.
Increasing blood circulation to and around the pain site.
Decreasing muscle trigger points.
Mechanism
Some studies have found that taping the SI joint has benefits that include:
One theory is it helps lift and hold the overlying tissues off of the SI joint, which helps decrease the pressure around it.
Another theory is that lifting the tissues helps create a pressure differential under the tape, like non-surgical decompression, allowing increased circulation to the tissues surrounding the sacroiliac joint.
This floods the area with blood and nutrients, creating an optimal healing environment.
Application
A sacroiliac joint on the right and left sides connects the pelvis to the sacrum or the lowest part of the spine. To apply the kinesiology tape correctly, locate the lowest part of the back within the pelvic area. (Francisco Selva et al., 2019) Ask a friend or family member for help if you can’t reach the area.
Taping steps:
Cut three strips of tape, each 4 to 6 inches long.
Sit in a chair and bend the body slightly forward.
If someone is helping, you can stand and slightly bend forward.
Remove the lift-off strip in the middle and stretch the tape to expose several inches, leaving the ends covered.
Apply the exposed tape at an angle over the SI joint, like making the first line of an X, just above the buttocks, with full stretch on the tape.
Peel the lift-off strips from the ends and adhere them with no stretching.
Repeat the application steps with a second strip, adhering at a 45-degree angle to the first strip, making the X over the sacroiliac joint.
Repeat this with the final strip horizontally across the X made from the first two pieces.
There should be a tape pattern of star shape over the sacroiliac joint.
Kinesiology tape can stay over the sacroiliac joint for three to five days.
Watch for signs of irritation around the tape.
Remove the tape if the skin becomes irritated, and consult your primary healthcare provider, physical therapist, or chiropractor for other treatment options.
Some individuals with specific conditions should avoid using the tape and get confirmation that it’s safe.
Individuals with severe sacroiliac pain where self-management is not working should see a healthcare provider, physical therapist, and or chiropractor for an evaluation and to learn therapeutic exercises and treatments to help manage the condition.
Sciatica During Pregnancy
References
Al-Subahi, M., Alayat, M., Alshehri, M. A., Helal, O., Alhasan, H., Alalawi, A., Takrouni, A., & Alfaqeh, A. (2017). The effectiveness of physiotherapy interventions for sacroiliac joint dysfunction: a systematic review. Journal of physical therapy science, 29(9), 1689–1694. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.29.1689
Do-Yun Shin and Ju-Young Heo. (2017). The Effects of Kinesiotaping Applied onto Erector Spinae and Sacroiliac Joint on Lumbar Flexibility. The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy, 307-315. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.18857/jkpt.2017.29.6.307
Selva, F., Pardo, A., Aguado, X., Montava, I., Gil-Santos, L., & Barrios, C. (2019). A study of reproducibility of kinesiology tape applications: review, reliability and validity. BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 20(1), 153. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2533-0
For individuals dealing with chronic fatigue syndrome, can incorporating acupuncture with other treatment protocols help regain functionality and improve quality of life?
Acupuncture For Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Research is looking at how acupuncture can help manage symptoms of chronic fatigue. These studies focused on specific acupoints and techniques and how they affected certain symptoms or abnormalities linked to the condition. The researchers found that acupuncture may help manage and alleviate some symptoms (Qing Zhang et al., 2019). However, they were still unable to determine the mechanisms of how acupuncture exactly works.
Symptom Relief
Various studies showed that acupuncture could improve physical and mental fatigue symptoms, including:
One case study showed improvements in groups of athletes who were put through a series of exhaustive physical exercises and short-term rest. One group of athletes was treated with acupuncture on selected acupoints while the others were given an extended rest. Analysis was applied to the metabolic profiles of urine samples collected from the athletes at three points: before the exercises, before and after the acupuncture treatment, or taking extended rest. The results indicated that the recoveries of disturbed metabolites in the athletes treated with acupuncture were significantly faster than in those who only took extended rest. (Haifeng Ma et al., 2015)
Researchers said studies involving acupuncture alone or in combination with other treatments appear to show that it is effective at lessening fatigue. (Yu-Yi Wang et al., 2014) However, further studies are needed to confirm the benefits. This is a significant change from a review that found limited evidence for the effectiveness of alternative treatments for relieving chronic fatigue symptoms. (Terje Alraek et al., 2011)
Another review of alternative therapies found acupuncture and certain meditation techniques showed the most promise for future investigation. (Nicole S. Porter et al., 2010)
Another study compared prednisone, a steroid, with an acupuncture technique called coiling dragon and an additional treatment called cupping. It suggested that acupuncture and cupping treatments surpassed the steroid regarding fatigue. (Wei Xu et al., 2012)
Another study found that needling with heat application or moxibustion produced better results than standard acupuncture regarding physical and mental fatigue scores. (Chen Lu, Xiu-Juan Yang, Jie Hu 2014)
From Consultation to Transformation: Assessing Patients In A Chiropractic Setting
References
Zhang, Q., Gong, J., Dong, H., Xu, S., Wang, W., & Huang, G. (2019). Acupuncture for chronic fatigue syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acupuncture in medicine : journal of the British Medical Acupuncture Society, 37(4), 211–222. https://doi.org/10.1136/acupmed-2017-011582
Frisk, J., Källström, A. C., Wall, N., Fredrikson, M., & Hammar, M. (2012). Acupuncture improves health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) and sleep in women with breast cancer and hot flushes. Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer, 20(4), 715–724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-011-1134-8
Gao, D. X., & Bai, X. H. (2019). Zhen ci yan jiu = Acupuncture research, 44(2), 140–143. https://doi.org/10.13702/j.1000-0607.170761
Mandıroğlu, S., & Ozdilekcan, C. (2017). Impact of Acupuncture on Chronic Insomnia: A Report of Two Cases with Polysomnographic Evaluation. Journal of acupuncture and meridian studies, 10(2), 135–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2016.09.018
Zhu, L., Ma, Y., Ye, S., & Shu, Z. (2018). Acupuncture for Diarrhoea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Network Meta-Analysis. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM, 2018, 2890465. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2890465
Ma, H., Liu, X., Wu, Y., & Zhang, N. (2015). The Intervention Effects of Acupuncture on Fatigue Induced by Exhaustive Physical Exercises: A Metabolomics Investigation. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM, 2015, 508302. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/508302
Wang, Y. Y., Li, X. X., Liu, J. P., Luo, H., Ma, L. X., & Alraek, T. (2014). Traditional Chinese medicine for chronic fatigue syndrome: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Complementary therapies in medicine, 22(4), 826–833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2014.06.004
Alraek, T., Lee, M. S., Choi, T. Y., Cao, H., & Liu, J. (2011). Complementary and alternative medicine for patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: a systematic review. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 11, 87. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-11-87
Porter, N. S., Jason, L. A., Boulton, A., Bothne, N., & Coleman, B. (2010). Alternative medical interventions used in the treatment and management of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia. Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.), 16(3), 235–249. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2008.0376
Lu, C., Yang, X. J., & Hu, J. (2014). Zhen ci yan jiu = Acupuncture research, 39(4), 313–317.
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