Could stability running shoes help correct foot pronation for runners, athletes, and physically active individuals who tend to have foot pronation issues?
Stability Running Shoes
Stability is having firm, steady balance in the feet and ankles. Individuals with flat feet or feet that tend to pronate or turn inward can seriously compromise their running stability, potentially increasing their risk of injury and making running uncomfortable. Stability running shoes can help because they stabilize the feet and ankles that roll inward. They combine the right alignment, arch support, and cushioning, and this specialty footwear helps hold the feet and ankles steady and can help maintain a straight gait.
Pronation
Pronation occurs when the foot and/or ankle roll inward when running or walking. It’s a common issue, typically caused by pushing off the ground with a big toe and a second toe. Arches can be excessively strained when pronation or overpronation occurs, resulting in ankle or shin pain. Eventually, overpronation can even cause the feet to flatten. Many runners find that the instability of an inward-rolling foot makes them more prone to strained muscles or falls. However, a study determined that foot pronation was not associated with increased injury risk in novice runners wearing non-specialty shoes. (Nielsen R. O. et al., 2014) However, another study found that foot pronation contributed to joint loading or increased stress on the joints of the lower limbs after long-distance running. (Mei Q. et al., 2019) This extra stress could be a factor in the development of osteoarthritis.
Supination
In contrast to pronation, some runners experience the opposite problem of supination. Supination occurs when the ankle or foot rolls outward from the center, which can cause pain or injury as it increases the likelihood of ankle rolls or sprains.
Features
Stability running shoes with the right features can help stabilize the feet and ankles for safer, more efficient running. This could make a major difference in how individuals feel after a run. For example, those with weak ankles should look for ankle support shoes with motion control, arch support, and grippy traction. Stabilizing shoes offer the following structural supports.
Arch Support
The foot is less likely to turn inward with a firm, high arch support.
Midsole Cushioning
Like arch support, cushioning the entire mid-section of the foot helps hold it steady.
For example, in walking shoes for flat feet, extra supportive cushioning in the midfoot helps prevent further arch collapse.
Stability running shoes may advertise having bars, rails, or medial posts to help maintain balance and reduce pronation.
Heel Cups and Heel Counters
A deep heel cup sits under the heel, correctly aligning the foot and ankle.
Heel counters are hard plastic inserts that reinforce the back of a running shoe, increasing overall support and holding the foot in place.
Wider Base
A wider platform underneath the foot is another key to preventing the inward rolling of overpronation.
It’s a common feature of walking shoes for seniors that provide stability for balance issues.
Choose the Right Shoes
Selecting the best shoe for pronation issues does not have to be complex. At many athletic stores, customers start with an in-store gait, foot shape, and running style assessment. Overpronators should look for a shoe with at least some of the features listed, such as arch support, cushioning, heel cups, counters, or a wide base. For narrow or wide feet, seek out shoes made specifically for these issues. In any running shoe, comfort is the number one priority. The feet should feel firmly supported with no pinching, and the toe shoes should have plenty of wiggle room and be able to lace up without hassle.
Benefits
Stability running shoes may also improve performance. A well-cushioned, well-fitting stability shoe can enhance running comfort, making workouts more enjoyable. When running without pain, individuals are more likely to continue running long-term. A stability shoe that prevents overpronation can improve form, allowing faster and more efficient running. A study in the Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy explored the potential of motion-control shoes, which are somewhat more stabilizing than stability shoes regarding running injuries. The authors concluded that these shoes may reduce the risk of injuries related to overpronation. (Willems T. M. et al., 2021) Another study compared stability shoes to neutral and motion-control shoes in female runners with various degrees of foot pronation. Those who ran in stability shoes missed the fewest days of training, an indicator that they experienced fewer injuries, but those who wore stability shoes reported more pain while running than those who wore neutral shoes. (Ryan M. B. et al., 2011)
Conclusion
Stability running shoes might be the solution for jogging pain and injuries. The only way to find out is to try them for yourself. Look for footwear with sturdy arch support, plenty of cushioning in the midsole, heel support, and a wide sole. At Injury Medical Chiropractic and Functional Medicine Clinic, we focus on what works for you and strive to create fitness and better the body through research methods and total wellness programs. These programs use the body’s ability to achieve improvement goals, and athletes can condition themselves to excel through proper fitness and nutrition. Our providers use an integrated approach to create personalized programs, including Functional Medicine, Acupuncture, Electro-Acupuncture, and Sports Medicine principles.
Correct Foot Pronation
References
Nielsen, R. O., Buist, I., Parner, E. T., Nohr, E. A., Sørensen, H., Lind, M., & Rasmussen, S. (2014). Foot pronation is not associated with increased injury risk in novice runners wearing a neutral shoe: a 1-year prospective cohort study. British journal of sports medicine, 48(6), 440–447. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092202
Mei, Q., Gu, Y., Xiang, L., Baker, J. S., & Fernandez, J. (2019). Foot Pronation Contributes to Altered Lower Extremity Loading After Long Distance Running. Frontiers in physiology, 10, 573. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00573
Willems, T. M., Ley, C., Goetghebeur, E., Theisen, D., & Malisoux, L. (2021). Motion-Control Shoes Reduce the Risk of Pronation-Related Pathologies in Recreational Runners: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial. The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy, 51(3), 135–143. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2021.9710
Ryan, M. B., Valiant, G. A., McDonald, K., & Taunton, J. E. (2011). The effect of three different levels of footwear stability on pain outcomes in women runners: a randomised control trial. British journal of sports medicine, 45(9), 715–721. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2009.069849
Individuals that experience nerve pain in the foot could be caused by a number of different conditions, can recognizing the most common causes help in developing an effective treatment plan?
Nerve Pain In The Foot
These sensations can feel like a burning, shooting, electrical, or stabbing pain and can happen while in motion or at rest. It can occur on the top of the foot or through the arch. The area closest to the nerve may be sensitive to the touch. A number of different conditions can cause nerve pain in the foot, including:
Morton’s neuroma
Pinched nerve
Tarsal tunnel syndrome
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy
Herniated disc
Morton’s Neuroma
Morton’s neuroma involves the nerve that runs between the third and fourth toes, but can sometimes occur between the second and third toes becoming thicker. Typical symptoms include a burning or shooting pain in the area, usually while walking. (Nikolaos Gougoulias, et al., 2019) Another common symptom is the sensation of pressure beneath the toes like the sock is bunched up underneath. Treatments can include:
Arch supports
Cortisone injections to decrease swelling
Footwear modifications – can include lifts, orthotics combined with metatarsal pads, and rocker soles, to provide cushion where needed.
Things that increase the risk of developing the condition include:
Regularly wearing high-heels – the condition occurs more frequently in women.
Shoes that are too tight.
Participating in high-impact sports like running.
Having flat feet, high arches, bunions, or hammertoes.
Pinched Nerve
A pinched nerve can feel like shooting or burning pain. Nerve entrapment can occur in various regions of the foot or the area on top of the foot may feel sensitive. Causes can be caused by: (Basavaraj Chari, Eugene McNally. 2018)
Trauma that causes swelling.
Blunt impact.
Tight shoes.
Treatment can include:
Massage
Physical therapy
Rest
Footwear modifications
Anti-inflammatories.
Things that increase the risk of developing a pinched nerve in the foot include:
Poor-fitting footwear.
Repetitive stress injury.
Trauma to the foot.
Obesity.
Rheumatoid arthritis.
Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
Another type of nerve entrapment is tarsal tunnel syndrome. Tarsal tunnel syndrome is “anything that produces compression on the posterior tibial nerve.” (American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. 2019) The tibial nerve is located near the heel. Symptoms include numbness and foot cramps, burning, tingling, or shooting sensations that often radiate from the instep/arch. Both can worsen while the foot is at rest, like when sitting or sleeping. Treatment can consist of:
Placing padding in the shoe where the foot is being compressed to relieve the pain.
Custom foot orthotics.
Cortisone shots or other anti-inflammatory treatments.
Surgery may be necessary to release the nerve.
Conditions that compress the tibial nerve and can lead to tarsal tunnel syndrome include:
Flat feet
Fallen arches
Ankle sprain
Diabetes
Arthritis
Varicose veins
Bone spurs
Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
Long-term high blood sugar/glucose associated with diabetes can lead to a form of nerve damage known as peripheral neuropathy. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2022) Neuropathy pain feels like burning or shooting pain, or the sensation of walking on bubble wrap that usually shows up overnight. The pain can come and go as well as a gradual loss of feeling in the feet that begins in the toes and moves up the foot. It’s estimated that around half of individuals with diabetes will eventually develop neuropathy. (Eva L. Feldman, et al., 2019) Treatments can include:
Physical therapy massage to increase circulation.
Topical treatments with capsaicin.
Vitamin B.
Blood sugar management.
Alpha lipoic acid.
Medication.
Individuals with diabetes have an increased risk of developing peripheral neuropathy if:
Blood sugar is not well-controlled.
Diabetes has been present for many years.
Kidney disease.
Smoke.
Overweight or obese.
Herniated Disc
Nerve pain in the foot can be caused by spinal issues. A herniated disc in the lower back can irritate and compress the nerves, causing pain that radiates down the leg and foot. Additional symptoms usually include muscle weakness in the legs and/or numbness and tingling. Most herniated discs don’t require surgery and get better with conservative treatment. (Wai Weng Yoon, Jonathan Koch. 2021) If symptoms don’t improve or worsen, a healthcare provider may recommend surgery. Herniated discs are most common in young and middle-aged adults. Increased chances of developing a herniated disc can come from:
Degenerative changes in the spine from normal age wear and tear.
Physically demanding job.
Lifting incorrectly.
Overweight or obese.
Genetic predisposition – family history of herniated discs.
Spinal Stenosis
Spinal stenosis occurs when the spaces in the spine begin to narrow, creating pressure on the spinal cord and nerve roots. It is usually caused by wear and tear on the spine as the body ages. Stenosis in the lower back can cause burning pain in the buttocks and leg. As it progresses pain can radiate into the feet along with numbness and tingling. Conservative treatment consists of physical therapy exercises and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications/NSAIDs. (Jon Lurie, Christy Tomkins-Lane. 2016) Cortisone injections can be beneficial and if the condition worsens, surgery may be an option. Risk factors include:
Physical trauma – after surgery or an automobile or sports accident.
Certain cancer, antiviral medications, or antibiotics.
Complex regional pain syndrome.
Tumors that irritate and/or compress a nerve.
Liver or kidney disease.
Infectious diseases – Lyme disease complications or viral infections.
Nerve pain in the foot is definitely a reason to see a healthcare provider. Early diagnosis can help prevent symptom progression and future problems. Once the cause of the pain has been identified, the healthcare team can work together to develop a personalized treatment plan to release compressed nerves and restore mobility and function. See a healthcare provider right away if the pain and symptoms worsen, or if there are difficulties standing or walking.
Chiropractic After Accidents and Injuries
References
Gougoulias, N., Lampridis, V., & Sakellariou, A. (2019). Morton’s interdigital neuroma: instructional review. EFORT open reviews, 4(1), 14–24. https://doi.org/10.1302/2058-5241.4.180025
Chari, B., & McNally, E. (2018). Nerve Entrapment in Ankle and Foot: Ultrasound Imaging. Seminars in musculoskeletal radiology, 22(3), 354–363. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1648252
Feldman, E. L., Callaghan, B. C., Pop-Busui, R., Zochodne, D. W., Wright, D. E., Bennett, D. L., Bril, V., Russell, J. W., & Viswanathan, V. (2019). Diabetic neuropathy. Nature reviews. Disease primers, 5(1), 42. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-019-0097-9
Yoon, W. W., & Koch, J. (2021). Herniated discs: when is surgery necessary?. EFORT open reviews, 6(6), 526–530. https://doi.org/10.1302/2058-5241.6.210020
Lurie, J., & Tomkins-Lane, C. (2016). Management of lumbar spinal stenosis. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 352, h6234. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h6234
Staff, N. P., & Windebank, A. J. (2014). Peripheral neuropathy due to vitamin deficiency, toxins, and medications. Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.), 20(5 Peripheral Nervous System Disorders), 1293–1306. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.CON.0000455880.06675.5a
Running Shoes: Feet are important. By the time the typical American reaches the age of 50, they will have walked 75,000 miles.
Runners put even more miles on their feet, and stress. Your feet are your foundation. A problem with your feet can throw your entire body out of balance. That is why when it comes to running shoes, it is important to find the right type. This guide will help you find the running shoes that are right for you.
Running Shoes
Before You Shop
Know the type of runner you are.
Different types of running require different features in shoes.
Some questions to consider:
Do you run or jog?
What surface do you run on � asphalt, treadmill, or trails?
A larger person will not move and run the same way a thin, wiry person does. An overweight person will put more stress on their feet � and shoes.
Know your running style.
The way you run, the motion of your stride and how your foot strikes the ground has great bearing on the type of running shoe you need. When your foot comes in contact with the ground, what hits first? Does the inside of your forefoot hit first? The center of your heel? The outside of your heel? Where your foot first hits is where you really want the cushion.
Know what injuries you may have sustained from running.
Plantar fasciitis, shin splints, tendonitis, and blisters are a few common injuries can be reversed or improved when you wear running shoes that fit properly.
Know the type of arch you have.
Whether you supinate (foot rolls to the outside) or pronate (foot rolls to the inside) is determined, at least in part, by the shape of your arch. While supinators are rare, quite a few people over pronate. This can be the source of injuries due to overuse.
When You Shop
Give it the 360-degree test.
When people try on shoes they typically check for fit in the toe box, but look no further than that. When you try on running shoes, you do need to make sure you have adequate space in the toe box, but you also need to check that your entire foot fits on the shoe�s platform.
Give your foot enough space.
The upper should have enough room but should not be loose. It shouldn�t squeeze your foot either though. It should fit well with no pinching or binding.
Shop later in the day.
Throughout the day your feet swell. When you run they also swell so when you shop for shoes, going when your feet are the largest will help ensure that you get the most accurate and more comfortable fit possible.
Bring your old running shoes along when you shop.
Having your old shoes with you when you shop will help the sales person determine what kind of running shoe you need. They can look at the wear on the shoe to see your running patterns and help you find a shoe that works best for you.
Get your foot measured.
As you age your feet actually change; they can expand or flatten. Don�t every assume your shoe size, get your foot measured every time. A comfortable fit is dependent upon wearing the right size shoe. You also need to keep in mind that shoe sizes may differ from brand to brand.
Dress for the run.
When you are shopping for a new pair of running shoes, dress as you would when you run. Don�t show up wearing flip flops or when you are dressed for the office. Definitely don�t show up without socks.
Forget the latest trend or what�s fashionable; think functionality.
There are plenty of sharp looking shoes, but that doesn�t mean they are the right running shoe for you. Go for fit and functionality first and fashion second.
Take them for a test drive.
Once you have settled on a pair or two, try them both on and try them out. Many stores that specialize in running shoes have a treadmill or area where runners can try their shoes. That is the only way you can tell for shoe if the shoe is right for you.
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