End Notes
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2 Ronan, M. V., & Herzig, S. J. (2016). Hospitalizations Related To Opioid Abuse/Dependence And Associated Serious Infections
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5 Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act (CARA);
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6 DeBonis, Mike; 21st Century Cures Act, boosting research and easing drug approvals; Washington Post, December 8, 2016;
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7 Hiltzik, Michael; The 21st Century Cures Act; LA Times, January 5, 2017. www.latimes.com/business/hiltzik/la-fi-hiltzik-
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9 Obama Administration announces Prescription Opioid and Heroin Epidemic Awareness Week; Proclamation by
President Obama, September 16, 2016. www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/09/19/fact-sheet-obama-administration-announces-prescription-opioid-and-heroin
10 Obama Administration announces Prescription Opioid and Heroin Epidemic Awareness Week, 2016
11 Shedrofsky, Karma; Drug czar: Doctors, drugmakers share blame for opioid epidemic; USA Today, July 7, 2016; http://
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12 Pallarito, Karen; Rising Price of Opioid OD Antidote Could Cost Lives: Study; Health Day News, December 8, 2016. https://
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16 Shedrrofsky, Karma, 2016.
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24 Mulvihill, et. al., 2016.
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26 Cha, Ariana Eunjung, 2016.
�2017 Foundation for Chiropractic Progress PAGE 27
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37 Freyer, Felice J., 2016.
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PAGE 28 �2017 Foundation for Chiropractic Progress
CHIROPRACTIC � A KEY TO AMERICA’S OPIOID EXIT STRATEGY
50 Bureau of Labor Statistics; Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Requiring Days Away From Work, 2015,
November 10, 2016; www.bls.gov/news.release/osh2.nr0.htm; accessed January 8, 2017.
51 Lawlor, Joe; Back injuries most common type of injuries for workers; Portland Press Herald, October 16, 2016; www.
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52 Lawlor, Joe; 2016.
53 Lawlor, Joe; 2016.
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6 Dorr, Hannah and Townley, Charles; Chronic Pain Management Therapies in Medicaid: Policy Considerations for Non-Pharmacological
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nashp.org/chronic-pain-management-therapies-medicaid-policy-considerations-non-pharmacological-alternatives-opioids/
57 It is important to note that the KFF data tracks which states allow direct reimbursement to the specific provider type (e.g.,
directly reimbursing a physical therapist for physical therapy services); states that do not directly reimburse these providers
may actually cover the service if billed by another provider (e.g., an institutional setting). For more information, please
see the notes in the following references.
Kaiser Family Foundation. �Medicaid Benefits: Physical Therapy Services.� Retrieved August 24, 2016.
kff.org/medicaid/state-indicator/physical-therapy-services/
Kaiser Family Foundation. �Medicaid Benefits: Psychologist Services.� Retrieved August 24, 2016.
kff.org/medicaid/state-indicator/psychologist-services/
Kaiser Family Foundation. �Medicaid Benefits: Occupational Therapy Services.� Retrieved August 24, 2016.http://
kff.org/medicaid/state-indicator/occupational-therapy-services/
Kaiser Family Foundation. �Medicaid Benefits: Chiropractor Services.� Retrieved August 24, 2016.
kff.org/medicaid/state-indicator/chiropractor-services/
58 Dagenais, S., Brady, O., Haldeman, S., & Manga, P. 2015, October 19. A systematic review comparing the costs of
chiropractic care to other interventions for spine pain in the United States. Retrieved February 08, 2017, from
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4615617/
59 Neighborhood Health Plan of Rhode Island Clinical Practice Guideline, Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM).
December 18, 2014.
60 U.S. National Institutes of Health; Assessment of Chiropractic Treatment for Low Back Pain and Smoking Cessation in Military
Active Duty Personnel; clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01692275; accessed January 8, 2017.
61 U.S. National Institutes of Health
62 Goertz, Christine M. DC, PhD, et. al; Adding Chiropractic Manipulative Therapy to Standard Medical Care for Patients With
Acute Low Back Pain: Results of a Pragmatic Randomized Comparative Effectiveness Study; SPINE, Volume 38, Issue 8,
April 15, 2013; journals.lww.com/spinejournal/Abstract/2013/04150/Adding_Chiropractic_Manipulative_Therapy_to.2.aspx
63 Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain � United States, 2016. MMWR
Recomm Rep 2016;65(No. RR-1):1�49. DOI: dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr6501e1.
64 CBS News/AP. (2016, March 15). CDC guidelines aim to reduce epidemic of opioid painkiller abuse. Retrieved January 15,
2017, from www.cbsnews.com/news/opioid-painkiller-guidelines/.
Foundation For Chiropractic Progress�
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Kent S. Greenawalt, CEO, Foot Levelers; Chairman of the Board of Directors, F4CP
Mickey G. Burt, DC, Executive Director of Alumni and Development, Palmer College of Chiropractic Gerard W. Clum, DC, Director, The Octagon, Life University
Kristine L. Dowell, Executive Director, Michigan Association of Chiropractors
Joe Doyle, Publisher, Chiropractic Economics
Charles C. Dubois, President/CEO, Standard Process, Inc.
J. Michael Flynn, DC
R. A. Foxworth, DC, FICC, MCS-P, President, ChiroHealthUSA
Arlan W. Fuhr, Chairman/Founder, Activator Methods International Ltd.
Greg Harris, Vice President for University Advancement, Life University
Kray Kibler, CEO, ScripHessco
Thomas M. Klapp, DC, COCSA Representative
Carol Ann Malizia, DC, CAM Integrative Consulting
Fabrizio Mancini, DC, President Emeritus, Parker University
Brian McAulay, DC, PhD
William Meeker, DC, MPH, President, Palmer College of Chiropractic � San Jose Campus
Robert Moberg, CEO, Chirotouch
Donald M. Petersen, Jr., Publisher, MPA Media
Mark Sanna, DC, FICC, ACRB, Level II, President, Breakthrough Coaching
Paul Timko, Vice President/General Manager of U.S. Clinical Business, Performance Health