Nutrigenomics, also known as nutritional genomics, is a branch of science that studies the relationship between the human genome, nutrition, and overall health and wellness. According to nutrigenomics, food can affect gene expression, the process by which instructions from a gene are utilized in the biosynthesis of a functional gene product, such as a protein.
Genomics is an interdisciplinary field of biology that focuses on the structure, function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes. Nutrigenomics utilizes that information to create a custom dietary program to help improve a person’s overall health and wellness with food.
Nutrigenetics is a branch of science that focuses on how the human body responds to nutrients based on their genetic variation. Due to the differences in people’s DNA, the absorption, transportation, and metabolization, among other functions, of nutrients can be different from one person to the other. People can have similar characteristics based on their genes but these genes are actually not identical. This is what is known as genetic variation.
Researchers are trying to understand how nutrigenomics can affect a person’s health. Studies have shown that epigenetics increases the risk of several health issues. Other studies have also shown that nutrition can change the risk of disease. For many years, researchers have studied the way that traits in plants and animals are passed down between generations. However, this process is still not well understood. A recent study evaluated how epigenetic marks are passed down between generations of pregnant rats given personalized nutrition. The findings showed both genetic and characteristics changes in the rats’ offspring. This suggests that maternal traits and diet may send different signals to the fetus.
Another study showed methylation changes in mice given more methyl donor intakes over six generations. These findings demonstrated that genetic and characteristic changes passed down between generations may be how environmental factors affect genes in plants and animals to allow adaptation to different environments.�The purpose of the following article is to discuss how nutrigenomics and traits between generations can ultimately affect a person’s overall well-being.
Epigenetics, Nutrition, and Exercise
Researchers have determined that the role of epigenetics in health issues like cancer is caused by methylation changes in several different types of genes and it is commonly associated with aging. However, the increased risk of cancer may be due to factors in the person’s immediate course of life where changes in epigenetics may happen years before the development of health issues like cancer. One study found that methylation of the breast-cancer-related gene is associated with the increased risk of early-onset breast cancer. Other studies have shown that resveratrol prevents methylation changes while folic acid affected gene expression associated with changes in methylation and other functions.
Eicosapentaenoic acid also caused methylation changes in the tumor suppressor gene associated with leukemia cells. This study demonstrated the effect of a polyunsaturated fatty acid on epigenetics. Another study found that methylation increased in women diagnosed with human papillomavirus that didn’t have cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. The changes in methylation were associated with higher concentrations of folate and cobalamin in the blood stream. Another study also found that methylation changes in the tumor suppressor gene L3MBTL1 were ultimately associated with overall health. Further studies are necessary to determine how nutrition can affect epigenetics and traits between generations.
Two studies evaluated the effects of exercise on methylation. One of the studies showed methylation changes in people who participated in physical activities for about 30 minutes every day compared with people who engaged in physical activities for less than 10 minutes every day. In the other study, volunteers who participated in exercise demonstrated changes in methylation and gene expression. These findings suggest that methylation is affected by physical activity.
Nutrigenomics and Risk of Health Issues
Numerous studies have evaluated the role of epigenetics in people with diabetes. According to researchers, changes in methylation of several genes have been shown to be associated with insulin resistance in patients with diabetes. A single change in gene expression caused significant methylation changes in people with diabetes compared to healthy controls. However, other studies found changes in traits between generations and obesity. Furthermore, methylation changes did happen in people with normal glucose metabolism which then developed impaired glucose homeostasis. Various genes have been shown to be different in people with diabetes compared to healthy controls, according to the studies.
According to numerous other studies, twins were found to have increased methylation associated with increased insulin resistance. These findings suggest that epigenetic marks associated with diabetes may occur before symptoms and determine the risk of disease. In conclusion, increasing evidence has demonstrated that nutrition can ultimately cause changes to a person’s epigenetics and how these are associated with the increased risk of developing health issues.
For more information regarding how epigenetics affects personalized nutrition, please review this article:
Healthcare professionals and researchers have demonstrated that we can change our epigenetics and gene expression as well as improve the risk of developing a variety of health issues, including inflammation and cancer, which can ultimately cause chronic pain, by controlling the food we eat and focusing on our nutrigenomics. Starting in the kitchen and then taking it directly to the genes, if we follow balanced nutrition, we will see a significant change in our overall health and well-being. At our clinic, we have the ability to assess your specific genetic factors and what dietary guidelines are best for you. One test we use for this is from DNA life, called DNA Diet. A sample of this report is shown below:�
Studies show that nutrition can affect methylation and gene expression. These studies have also found that balanced nutrition can improve how good food affects our overall health and well-being. The following article discussed how our epigenetics can affect traits passed down between generations, including methylation and the risk of disease. Although a good diet is essential it may be difficult for some people to follow. Drinking juices or smoothies can be easy ways to include the balanced nutrition we need to promote our health and well-being. Below, I’ve provided a smoothie recipe so you can address your nutrigenomics from the kitchen to your genes. – Dr. Alex Jimenez D.C., C.C.S.T. Insights
Berry Bliss Smoothie
Servings: 1 Cook time: 5-10 minutes
1/2 cup blueberries (fresh or frozen, preferably wild)
1 medium carrot, roughly chopped
1 tablespoon ground flaxseed or chia seed
1 tablespoons almonds
Water (to desired consistency)
Ice cubes (optional, may omit if using frozen blueberries)Blend all ingredients in a high-speed blender until smooth and creamy. Best served immediately.
The scope of our information is limited to chiropractic, musculoskeletal, and nervous health issues or functional medicine articles, topics, and discussions. We use functional health protocols to treat injuries or disorders of the musculoskeletal system. Our office has made a reasonable attempt to provide supportive citations and has identified the relevant research study or studies supporting our posts. We also make copies of supporting research studies available to the board and or the public upon request. To further discuss the subject matter above, please feel free to ask�Dr. Alex Jimenez�or contact us at�915-850-0900.
Curated by Dr. Alex Jimenez D.C., C.C.S.T.
References:
KA;, Burdge GC;Hoile SP;Lillycrop. �Epigenetics: Are There Implications for Personalised Nutrition?� Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 15 Sept. 2012, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22878237/.
With everything that is going on in today’s world immunity is especially important. Without a properly functioning immune system, our bodies can become inflamed and more susceptible to viruses. Inflammation can cause a weakened immune system, joint pain, headaches, fatigue and more!
So what can we do to build up our immunity and help give our bodies a fighting chance? First off, washing your hands is highly important. Not just now, but always. Be sure to wash your hands with warm water and scrub everywhere. Second, get plenty of sleep. Rest is how the body recovers. If you do not give your body adequate sleep, the strength you’re cells have to fight off infection lessens. Third, eat healthy food, hydrate, and exercise. Finally, last but not least help kick up your immune system by supplementing the body with all-natural supplements.
There are many supplements that will be beneficial to the body. However, two of the most important are NAC and Glutamine.
What Are They?
NAC stands for N-acetyl-Cystine. NAC is an amino acid that the body can produce but the body can also greatly benefit from taking additional NAC in supplemental form. NAC plays an important role in helping the liver to detox. In addition to this, NAC helps to replenish the glutathione levels in the lungs and can help to reduce the inflammation. This is highly beneficial in helping to relieve the symptoms of a respiratory infection.
NAC is also greatly beneficial in boosting brain health. NAC helps to regulate glutamate levels and replenish glutathione. However, one of the most important factors of NAC is its ability to boost Glutathione levels.
Glutamine is an amino acid that helps the body perform many functions. Glutamine plays a crucial part in the immune system.
The Connection & How It Impacts Immunity
However, one of the most important factors of NAC is its ability to booze Glutathione levels. NAC and glutathione can help to boost an individual’s immune health. In research studies shown, NAC has been shown to lessen the effects of a virus and its ability to replicate. When it comes to immunity NAC and Glutamine are powerful molecules. Stoping the replication of a virus can help reduce the spread and the length of the virus in an individual.
Many infections and diseases have been linked to low glutathione levels. When the glutathione levels are low this is typically due to enhanced oxygen radicals. Studies have been done and show that when supplementing NAC to those who have low glutathione levels, it directly boosts their levels and helps with infection.
Especially with everything happening today, we want to increase our immunity and decrease the inflammation in the body.� Essentially, think of the body as a road trip. For this trip we need two main things: the gas for the car, and the car to take you to the end destination.� NAC is the gas that drives the car. We need the gas to get to our end destination. Our end destination is being healthy and giving our body the best chance to fight off infection (increased Glutathione). So by giving our body gas (NAC) we provide it with what it needs to take us to where we want to go (increased Glutathione, leading to increased immunity).
How Can I Benefit?
Overall, NAC is great to decrease inflammation. Inflammation is an extremely common underlying issue relating to other health conditions individuals suffer from. By providing your body with additional supplements, you can help increase your immunity and decrease your chances of contracting a virus and/or the length of the virus. Always discuss supplements with your primary care doctor before you begin them, but consider adding these into your daily routine!
I always recommend talking to your primary care provider and taking supplements daily. Supplements, in general, are a great way to help provide the body with the essential vitamins and minerals you may be missing. However, now more than ever supplementation is key. By building up and providing the body with the nutrients it needs for proper function, it will help prepare your body to fight off an infection. Supplementation like NAC is great to have already running in your system to help combat an infection if you were to catch one. Remember to be smart, talk to a primary care doctor before beginning supplementation, and keep in mind that not all supplements are created equal.� -Kenna Vaughn, Senior Health Coach��
The scope of our information is limited to chiropractic, musculoskeletal, and nervous health issues or functional medicine articles, topics, and discussions. We use functional health protocols to treat injuries or disorders of the musculoskeletal system. Our office has made a reasonable attempt to provide supportive citations and has identified the relevant research study or studies supporting our posts. We also make copies of supporting research studies available to the board and or the public upon request. To further discuss the subject matter above, please feel free to ask Dr. Alex Jimenez or contact us at 915-850-0900.�
References:
Dinicola S, De Grazia S, Carlomagno G, Pintucci JP. N-acetylcysteine as powerful molecule to destroy bacterial biofilms. A systematic review.�Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2014;18(19):2942�2948.
Wessner B, Strasser EM, Spittler A, Roth E. Effect of single and combined supply of glutamine, glycine, N-acetylcysteine, and R,S-alpha-lipoic acid on glutathione content of myelomonocytic cells.�Clin Nutr. 2003;22(6):515�522. doi:10.1016/s0261-5614(03)00053-0
� Methylation, commonly referred to as the “one-carbon metabolism”, is the transfer or formation of methyl (CH3) groups, such as MTHFR, COMT, and DNMT. Methylation frequently utilizes SAMe as a methyl donor. Methylation is fundamental for a variety of bodily structures and functions, including cell division, gene expression, early CNS development, immune cell differentiation, neurotransmitter biosynthesis and/or metabolism, histamine clearance, detoxification, hormone biotransformation, cellular energy metabolism, phospholipid synthesis, and the myelination of peripheral nerves, among other structures and functions. � � Among one of it’s most essential functions on structures, DNA methylation highly regulates a variety of epigenetic marks, making them substantially stable, such as the covalent bonds of X and Y chromosomes in men and women. Methylation occurs at CpG sites with DNMT enzymes. Moreover, DNA methylation can help regulate and/or manage other bodily structures and functions. Histone methylation, RNA methylation, and mitochondrial DNA methylation (miDNMT) can help induce or inhibit gene expression. Recent research studies have also demonstrated that these same enzymes may additionally be involved in demethylation. �
Methylation and Fetal Programming
� According to research studies, while there are a variety of epigenetic marks which remain seemingly unchanged through inheritance, there are numerous other epigenetic marks which can change due to external factors, known as metastable epialleles. These changes can also change throughout inheritance as well as remain seemingly unchanged through inheritance. Metastable epialleles provide individuals with considerable differences and can be passed down to offspring during critical stages of fetal development. According to many more research studies, methylation can also affect epigenetic marks outside fetal programming windows. �
DNA methylation was originally considered to be stable and irreversible, however, external factors can also affect epigenetic methylation. The purpose of the following article is to discuss the importance of methylation for a variety of bodily structures and functions. Furthermore, it’s fundamental to understand how nutrition, fitness, lifestyle, supplements, and medicines, can improve DNA methylation and overall health and wellness. – Dr. Alex Jimenez D.C., C.C.S.T. Insight
Smoothies and Juices for Methylation Support
�
While many healthcare professionals can recommend diet and lifestyle changes to improve methylation support, there are several options you can try yourself at home. As described above, methylation support supplementation should be determined by a healthcare professional. Smoothies and juices are a fast and easy way to include all the necessary nutrients you need for methylation support without any side-effects. The smoothies and juices below are part of the Methylation Diet Food Plan.
Sea Green Smoothie Servings: 1 Cook time: 5-10 minutes
1/2 cup cantaloupe, cubed
1/2 banana
1 handful of kale or spinach
1 handful of Swiss chard
1/4 avocado
2 teaspoons spirulina powder
1 cup of water
3 or more ice cubes
Blend all ingredients in a high-speed blender until completely smooth and enjoy!
1/2 cup blueberries (fresh or frozen, preferably wild)
1 medium carrot, roughly chopped
1 tablespoon ground flaxseed or chia seed
1 tablespoons almonds
Water (to desired consistency)
Ice cubes (optional, may omit if using frozen blueberries)
Blend all ingredients in a high-speed blender until smooth and creamy. Best served immediately!
Sweet and Spicy Juice Servings: 1 Cook time: 5-10 minutes
1 cup honeydew melons
3 cups spinach, rinsed
3 cups Swiss chard, rinsed
1 bunch cilantro (leaves and stems), rinsed
1-inch knob of ginger, rinsed, peeled and chopped
2-3 knobs whole turmeric root (optional), rinsed, peeled and chopped
Juice all ingredients in a high-quality juicer. Best served immediately!
Ginger Greens Juice Servings: 1 Cook time: 5-10 minutes
1 cup pineapple cubes
1 apple, sliced
1-inch knob of ginger, rinsed, peeled and chopped
3 cups kale, rinsed and roughly chopped or ripped
5 cups Swiss chard, rinsed and roughly chopped or ripped
Juice all ingredients in a high-quality juicer. Best served immediately!
Zesty Beet Juice Servings: 1 Cook time: 5-10 minutes
1 grapefruit, peeled and sliced
1 apple, washed and sliced
1 whole beet, and leaves if you have them, washed and sliced
1-inch knob of ginger, rinsed, peeled and chopped
Juice all ingredients in a high-quality juicer. Best served immediately!
Protein Power Smoothie Serving: 1 Cook time: 5 minutes
1 scoop protein powder
1 tablespoon ground flaxseed
1/2 banana
1 kiwi, peeled
1/2 teaspoon cinnamon
Pinch of cardamom
Non-dairy milk or water, enough to achieve desired consistency
Blend all ingredients in a high-powered blender until completely smooth. Best served immediately!
ProLon� Fasting Mimicking Diet
Balanced methylation support can be achieved through proper nutrition. The ProLon� fasting mimicking diet offers a 5-day meal program which has been individually packed and labeled to serve the foods you need for the FMD in precise quantities and combinations. The meal program is made up of ready-to-eat or easy-to-prepare, plant-based foods, including bars, soups, snacks, supplements, a drink concentrate, and teas. The products are scientifically formulated and great tasting. Before starting the ProLon� fasting mimicking diet, 5-day meal program, please make sure to talk to a healthcare professional to find out if the FMD is right for you. The ProLon� fasting mimicking diet can help promote methylation support, among a variety of other healthy benefits.
�
Many doctors and functional medicine practitioners can recommend nutritional advice and/or guidelines to help improve DNA methylation. Proper diet and lifestyle changes can ultimately help improve DNA methylation. Understanding how methylation can affect an individual’s epigenetics throughout the early stages of life can help promote health and wellness. The scope of our information is limited to chiropractic, musculoskeletal and nervous health issues as well as functional medicine articles, topics, and discussions. To further discuss the subject matter above, please feel free to ask Dr. Alex Jimenez or contact us at 915-850-0900�.
Curated by Dr. Alex Jimenez
Additional Topic Discussion:�Acute Back Pain
Back pain�is one of the most prevalent causes of disability and missed days at work worldwide. Back pain attributes to the second most common reason for doctor office visits, outnumbered only by upper-respiratory infections. Approximately 80 percent of the population will experience back pain at least once throughout their life. Your spine is a complex structure made up of bones, joints, ligaments, and muscles, among other soft tissues. Injuries and/or aggravated conditions, such as�herniated discs, can eventually lead to symptoms of back pain. Sports injuries or automobile accident injuries are often the most frequent cause of back pain, however, sometimes the simplest of movements can have painful results. Fortunately, alternative treatment options, such as chiropractic care, can help ease back pain through the use of spinal adjustments and manual manipulations, ultimately improving pain relief.
Formulas for Methylation Support
�
XYMOGEN�s Exclusive Professional Formulas are available through select licensed health care professionals. The internet sale and discounting of XYMOGEN formulas are strictly prohibited.
Proudly,�Dr. Alexander Jimenez makes XYMOGEN formulas available only to patients under our care.
Please call our office in order for us to assign a doctor consultation for immediate access.
If you are a patient of Injury Medical & Chiropractic�Clinic, you may inquire about XYMOGEN by calling 915-850-0900.
�
For your convenience and review of the XYMOGEN products please review the following link.*XYMOGEN-Catalog-Download
* All the above XYMOGEN policies remain strictly in force.
To promote methylation support through diet and lifestyle changes, many healthcare professionals recommend following a diet food plan which is nutritionally replete and rich in nutrients for DNA methylation status and activity, anti-inflammatory, low in Glycemic index, rich in antioxidants and phytonutrients as enzyme modulators, optimal in hydration, and supportive of detoxification. �
Moreover, to promote methylation support, a diet plan should avoid excess calories, folic acid-fortified foods, alcohol, minimize AGE formation, added sugars, foods from animals raised with the use of antibiotics and hormones, high-mercury content fish like tuna, king mackerel, swordfish, and shark as well as utilizing plastic food and beverage containers. According to a research study on diet and aging, calorie restriction can slow down or reverse the decline in age-related DNA methylation associated with diseases. As mentioned previously, alcohol consumption can tremendously affect DNA status and activity which may interfere with SAMe levels and may ultimately impact folate metabolism by inhibiting MTR and MAT enzymes, among other structures and functions. �
Furthermore, many doctors and functional medicine practitioners also recommend following intermittent fasting, a diet plan which cycles between fasting and non-fasting, alongside a low carbohydrate diet. According to several research studies, an extended nighttime fast can stimulate a decreased ketone production which may help decrease inflammation and protect the epigenome. �
Healthcare professionals can provide patients with nutrition advice and recommendations for lifestyle changes to help promote methylation support. While potential side effects of supplements have been discussed in previous articles, doctors and functional medicine practitioners can recommend supplementation alongside nutrition and lifestyle changes. Below, we will demonstrate a variety of superfoods, foods, and microbes which can be utilized to help promote DNA methylation status and activity.
B. adolescentis � appears to be the highest producer of 5mTHF
B. pseudocatenulatum
Nutrition and lifestyle changes can help promote methylation support without experiencing the side effects of supplements. A wide array of superfoods, foods, and microbes can help promote methylation support, alongside a diet food plan, supplementation, and intermittent fasting. The purpose of the following article is to discuss how nutrition and lifestyle modifications can help promote methylation support. It’s fundamental to understand how nutrition, fitness, lifestyle, supplements, and medicines, can improve DNA methylation and overall health and wellness. – Dr. Alex Jimenez D.C., C.C.S.T. Insight
Smoothies and Juices for Methylation Support
�
While many healthcare professionals can recommend diet and lifestyle changes to improve methylation support, there are several options you can try yourself at home. As described above, methylation support supplementation should be determined by a healthcare professional. Smoothies and juices are a fast and easy way to include all the necessary nutrients you need for methylation support without any side-effects. The smoothies and juices below are part of the Methylation Diet Food Plan.
Sea Green Smoothie Servings: 1 Cook time: 5-10 minutes
1/2 cup cantaloupe, cubed
1/2 banana
1 handful of kale or spinach
1 handful of Swiss chard
1/4 avocado
2 teaspoons spirulina powder
1 cup of water
3 or more ice cubes
Blend all ingredients in a high-speed blender until completely smooth and enjoy!
1/2 cup blueberries (fresh or frozen, preferably wild)
1 medium carrot, roughly chopped
1 tablespoon ground flaxseed or chia seed
1 tablespoons almonds
Water (to desired consistency)
Ice cubes (optional, may omit if using frozen blueberries)
Blend all ingredients in a high-speed blender until smooth and creamy. Best served immediately!
Sweet and Spicy Juice Servings: 1 Cook time: 5-10 minutes
1 cup honeydew melons
3 cups spinach, rinsed
3 cups Swiss chard, rinsed
1 bunch cilantro (leaves and stems), rinsed
1-inch knob of ginger, rinsed, peeled and chopped
2-3 knobs whole turmeric root (optional), rinsed, peeled and chopped
Juice all ingredients in a high-quality juicer. Best served immediately!
Ginger Greens Juice Servings: 1 Cook time: 5-10 minutes
1 cup pineapple cubes
1 apple, sliced
1-inch knob of ginger, rinsed, peeled and chopped
3 cups kale, rinsed and roughly chopped or ripped
5 cups Swiss chard, rinsed and roughly chopped or ripped
Juice all ingredients in a high-quality juicer. Best served immediately!
Zesty Beet Juice Servings: 1 Cook time: 5-10 minutes
1 grapefruit, peeled and sliced
1 apple, washed and sliced
1 whole beet, and leaves if you have them, washed and sliced
1-inch knob of ginger, rinsed, peeled and chopped
Juice all ingredients in a high-quality juicer. Best served immediately!
Protein Power Smoothie Serving: 1 Cook time: 5 minutes
1 scoop protein powder
1 tablespoon ground flaxseed
1/2 banana
1 kiwi, peeled
1/2 teaspoon cinnamon
Pinch of cardamom
Non-dairy milk or water, enough to achieve desired consistency
Blend all ingredients in a high-powered blender until completely smooth. Best served immediately!
ProLon� Fasting Mimicking Diet
Balanced methylation support can be achieved through proper nutrition. The ProLon� fasting mimicking diet offers a 5-day meal program which has been individually packed and labeled to serve the foods you need for the FMD in precise quantities and combinations. The meal program is made up of ready-to-eat or easy-to-prepare, plant-based foods, including bars, soups, snacks, supplements, a drink concentrate, and teas. The products are scientifically formulated and great tasting. Before starting the ProLon� fasting mimicking diet, 5-day meal program, please make sure to talk to a healthcare professional to find out if the FMD is right for you. The ProLon� fasting mimicking diet can help promote methylation support, among a variety of other healthy benefits.
�
Many doctors and functional medicine practitioners can recommend nutritional advice and/or guidelines to help improve DNA methylation. Proper diet and lifestyle changes can ultimately help improve DNA methylation. Nutrition and lifestyle modifications, including methylation superfoods, foods, and microbes, can ultimately help promote methylation support. The scope of our information is limited to chiropractic, musculoskeletal and nervous health issues as well as functional medicine articles, topics, and discussions. To further discuss the subject matter above, please feel free to ask Dr. Alex Jimenez or contact us at 915-850-0900�.
Curated by Dr. Alex Jimenez
Additional Topic Discussion:�Acute Back Pain
Back pain�is one of the most prevalent causes of disability and missed days at work worldwide. Back pain attributes to the second most common reason for doctor office visits, outnumbered only by upper-respiratory infections. Approximately 80 percent of the population will experience back pain at least once throughout their life. Your spine is a complex structure made up of bones, joints, ligaments, and muscles, among other soft tissues. Injuries and/or aggravated conditions, such as�herniated discs, can eventually lead to symptoms of back pain. Sports injuries or automobile accident injuries are often the most frequent cause of back pain, however, sometimes the simplest of movements can have painful results. Fortunately, alternative treatment options, such as chiropractic care, can help ease back pain through the use of spinal adjustments and manual manipulations, ultimately improving pain relief.
Formulas for Methylation Support
�
XYMOGEN�s Exclusive Professional Formulas are available through select licensed health care professionals. The internet sale and discounting of XYMOGEN formulas are strictly prohibited.
Proudly,�Dr. Alexander Jimenez makes XYMOGEN formulas available only to patients under our care.
Please call our office in order for us to assign a doctor consultation for immediate access.
If you are a patient of Injury Medical & Chiropractic�Clinic, you may inquire about XYMOGEN by calling 915-850-0900.
�
For your convenience and review of the XYMOGEN products please review the following link.*XYMOGEN-Catalog-Download
* All the above XYMOGEN policies remain strictly in force.
While taking supplements can help promote methylation support, many healthcare professionals have become aware of the potential risks these can have on their patient’s overall health and wellness. Diet and lifestyle changes are safe and effective ways to promote methylation support without the side effects of supplementation. Doctors and functional medicine practitioners utilize diet and lifestyle changes alongside methylation nutrient supplements to improve methylation support, especially for people who do not tolerate methyl donors. Diet and lifestyle changes can also be utilized as a stand-alone treatment or with other interventions. � �
Nutrition and Lifestyle Modifications for Methylation
As demonstrated in the figure above, DNA methylation status and activity can be affected by a variety of factors, including genes, nutrient co-factors, nutrient substrates, dietary patterns, food-derived epigenetic modulators, drugs and/or medications, microbiome, toxins, stress/resilience, exercise, inflammation and/or oxidative stress as well as methyl donor depletion. Methylation support through diet and lifestyle changes have been demonstrated to improve DNA methylation status and activity. According to a 2014 systematic review and meta-analysis, food-sourced folate had a protective effect on breast cancer risk. � Moreover, the research study also demonstrated that increased food folate intake is associated with decreased risk of sex-hormone receptor-negative breast cancer in premenopausal women. No known side effects have been determined from food folate and methylation nutrients, as part of a healthy, balanced diet. Furthermore, according to a 16-week placebo-controlled trial, an increase of 200 mcg/d in folate from folate-rich foods, folic acid supplements, and 5mTHF demonstrated no statistical significance between the groups in lowering homocysteine. Folic acid (FA) was more effective at raising plasma folates than 5mTHF, however, 5mTHF was more effective at raising RBC folates. Healthcare professionals should include food folate bioavailability for methylation support. �
Several research studies have demonstrated potential risks for certain types of supplementation for methylation support, however, diet and lifestyle changes can help promote methylation support without experiencing the side effects of too many supplements. The purpose of the following article is to discuss how nutrition and lifestyle modifications can help promote methylation support. It’s fundamental to understand how nutrition, fitness, lifestyle, supplements, and medicines, can improve DNA methylation and well-being. – Dr. Alex Jimenez D.C., C.C.S.T. Insight
Smoothies and Juices for Methylation Support
�
While many healthcare professionals can recommend diet and lifestyle changes to improve methylation support, there are several options you can try yourself at home. As described above, methylation support supplementation should be determined by a healthcare professional. Smoothies and juices are a fast and easy way to include all the necessary nutrients you need for methylation support without any side-effects. The smoothies and juices below are part of the Methylation Diet Food Plan.
Sea Green Smoothie Servings: 1 Cook time: 5-10 minutes
1/2 cup cantaloupe, cubed
1/2 banana
1 handful of kale or spinach
1 handful of Swiss chard
1/4 avocado
2 teaspoons spirulina powder
1 cup of water
3 or more ice cubes
Blend all ingredients in a high-speed blender until completely smooth and enjoy!
1/2 cup blueberries (fresh or frozen, preferably wild)
1 medium carrot, roughly chopped
1 tablespoon ground flaxseed or chia seed
1 tablespoons almonds
Water (to desired consistency)
Ice cubes (optional, may omit if using frozen blueberries)
Blend all ingredients in a high-speed blender until smooth and creamy. Best served immediately!
Sweet and Spicy Juice Servings: 1 Cook time: 5-10 minutes
1 cup honeydew melons
3 cups spinach, rinsed
3 cups Swiss chard, rinsed
1 bunch cilantro (leaves and stems), rinsed
1-inch knob of ginger, rinsed, peeled and chopped
2-3 knobs whole turmeric root (optional), rinsed, peeled and chopped
Juice all ingredients in a high-quality juicer. Best served immediately!
Ginger Greens Juice Servings: 1 Cook time: 5-10 minutes
1 cup pineapple cubes
1 apple, sliced
1-inch knob of ginger, rinsed, peeled and chopped
3 cups kale, rinsed and roughly chopped or ripped
5 cups Swiss chard, rinsed and roughly chopped or ripped
Juice all ingredients in a high-quality juicer. Best served immediately!
Zesty Beet Juice Servings: 1 Cook time: 5-10 minutes
1 grapefruit, peeled and sliced
1 apple, washed and sliced
1 whole beet, and leaves if you have them, washed and sliced
1-inch knob of ginger, rinsed, peeled and chopped
Juice all ingredients in a high-quality juicer. Best served immediately!
Protein Power Smoothie Serving: 1 Cook time: 5 minutes
1 scoop protein powder
1 tablespoon ground flaxseed
1/2 banana
1 kiwi, peeled
1/2 teaspoon cinnamon
Pinch of cardamom
Non-dairy milk or water, enough to achieve desired consistency
Blend all ingredients in a high-powered blender until completely smooth. Best served immediately!
ProLon� Fasting Mimicking Diet
Balanced methylation support can be achieved through proper nutrition. The ProLon� fasting mimicking diet offers a 5-day meal program which has been individually packed and labeled to serve the foods you need for the FMD in precise quantities and combinations. The meal program is made up of ready-to-eat or easy-to-prepare, plant-based foods, including bars, soups, snacks, supplements, a drink concentrate, and teas. The products are scientifically formulated and great tasting. Before starting the ProLon� fasting mimicking diet, 5-day meal program, please make sure to talk to a healthcare professional to find out if the FMD is right for you. The ProLon� fasting mimicking diet can help promote methylation support, among a variety of other healthy benefits.
�
Many doctors and functional medicine practitioners can recommend nutritional advice and/or guidelines to help improve DNA methylation. Proper diet and lifestyle changes can ultimately help improve DNA methylation. Nutrition and lifestyle modifications can ultimately help promote methylation support without side effects of supplements, according to research studies. The scope of our information is limited to chiropractic, musculoskeletal and nervous health issues as well as functional medicine articles, topics, and discussions. To further discuss the subject matter above, please feel free to ask Dr. Alex Jimenez or contact us at 915-850-0900�.
Curated by Dr. Alex Jimenez
Additional Topic Discussion:�Acute Back Pain
Back pain�is one of the most prevalent causes of disability and missed days at work worldwide. Back pain attributes to the second most common reason for doctor office visits, outnumbered only by upper-respiratory infections. Approximately 80 percent of the population will experience back pain at least once throughout their life. Your spine is a complex structure made up of bones, joints, ligaments, and muscles, among other soft tissues. Injuries and/or aggravated conditions, such as�herniated discs, can eventually lead to symptoms of back pain. Sports injuries or automobile accident injuries are often the most frequent cause of back pain, however, sometimes the simplest of movements can have painful results. Fortunately, alternative treatment options, such as chiropractic care, can help ease back pain through the use of spinal adjustments and manual manipulations, ultimately improving pain relief.
Formulas for Methylation Support
�
XYMOGEN�s Exclusive Professional Formulas are available through select licensed health care professionals. The internet sale and discounting of XYMOGEN formulas are strictly prohibited.
Proudly,�Dr. Alexander Jimenez makes XYMOGEN formulas available only to patients under our care.
Please call our office in order for us to assign a doctor consultation for immediate access.
If you are a patient of Injury Medical & Chiropractic�Clinic, you may inquire about XYMOGEN by calling 915-850-0900.
�
For your convenience and review of the XYMOGEN products please review the following link.*XYMOGEN-Catalog-Download
* All the above XYMOGEN policies remain strictly in force.
Many people with health issues associated with genetic SNPs due to abnormal methylation cycles, such as MTHFR, can tremendously benefit from DNA methylation support. Patients demonstrating imbalances in methylation metabolites, including elevated homocysteine, decreased SAMe, increased SAH, and a low SAMe:SAH ratio, can also benefit from DNA methylation support. Any individual who has insufficient levels of methyl donors due to poor nutrient status or malabsorption, especially with folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies, stress, hormone imbalances, and even older individuals, can benefit from DNA methylation support. �
Potential Risks of Methylation Supplements
Doctors and functional medicine practitioners commonly utilize natural supplementation for methylation support, however, many other healthcare professionals still frequently utilize synthetic supplementation. According to research studies, using synthetic supplements can cause a variety of health issues. Potential risks of using synthetic folic acid (FA) with unknown mechanisms include an increased risk for allergic diseases and IBD in children of mothers with an increased folic acid intake, impaired natural killer cell activity, insulin resistance in children, embryonic loss and growth delay, and diabetic comorbidity, among other health issues. � Moreover, using unmetabolized folic acid (FA) for methylation support can cause potential genotoxicity, according to research studies. Furthermore, the use of DHF, an intermediate of the DHFR enzyme, can inhibit thymidylate synthase and it can also inhibit MTHF, known as a pseudo MTHFR deficiency. Many more doctors and functional medicine practitioners prefer to utilize natural supplementation over synthetic supplementation for methylation support, to prevent any health issues due to potential risks. The use of 5mTHF and methylcobalamin (vitamin B12) is commonly utilized in functional medicine to avoid folic acid problems. � However, although the use of 5mTHF and methylcobalamin (vitamin B12) bypasses MTHFR enzyme deficits, not enough research studies have been conducted regarding the long-term safety and effectiveness of high doses of 5mTHF or methyl-B12 for methylation support. It’s essential for patients to seek professional help from a qualified and experienced doctor and functional medicine practitioner to determine the best type of supplementation for methylation support. Supplements for methylation support are recommended alongside proper nutrition, fitness, and lifestyle habits to naturally promote DNA methylation status and activity. �
Folate/B12 and Autism: Possible Connection
A recent press release of preliminary evidence findings from the Johns Hopkins research study determined that in 1,391 mother-child pairs in a Boston Birth Cohort, the highest maternal levels of vitamin B12, more than 600 pmol/L, and folate, equal to 59 nmol/L, had an increased risk of causing ASD. The risks were ultimately higher when both were combined. The research study demonstrated no risk difference based on MTHFR genotype or homocysteine. The full-paper has not been published and further research studies are still required to determine the outcome measures of supplementation for methylation support for pregnant women and children. �
Promoting methylation support is an essential process towards maintaining overall health and wellness. Although several research studies have demonstrated potential risks for certain types of supplementation for methylation support, healthcare professionals can help determine the proper supplements to promote methylation support. The purpose of the following article is to discuss the potential risks of supplementation for methylation support. It’s fundamental to understand how nutrition, lifestyle habits, supplements, and medicines, can improve DNA methylation, health and wellness. – Dr. Alex Jimenez D.C., C.C.S.T. Insight
Smoothies and Juices for Methylation Support
�
While many healthcare professionals can recommend nutritional guidelines and lifestyle modifications to improve methylation support, there�are several options you can try yourself at home. As described above, methylation support supplementation should be determined by a healthcare professional. Smoothies and juices are a fast and easy way to include all the necessary nutrients you need for methylation support without any side-effects. The smoothies and juices below are part of the Methylation Diet Food Plan.
Sea Green Smoothie Servings: 1 Cook time: 5-10 minutes
1/2 cup cantaloupe, cubed
1/2 banana
1 handful of kale or spinach
1 handful of Swiss chard
1/4 avocado
2 teaspoons spirulina powder
1 cup of water
3 or more ice cubes
Blend all ingredients in a high-speed blender until completely smooth and enjoy!
1/2 cup blueberries (fresh or frozen, preferably wild)
1 medium carrot, roughly chopped
1 tablespoon ground flaxseed or chia seed
1 tablespoons almonds
Water (to desired consistency)
Ice cubes (optional, may omit if using frozen blueberries)
Blend all ingredients in a high-speed blender until smooth and creamy. Best served immediately!
Sweet and Spicy Juice Servings: 1 Cook time: 5-10 minutes
1 cup honeydew melons
3 cups spinach, rinsed
3 cups Swiss chard, rinsed
1 bunch cilantro (leaves and stems), rinsed
1-inch knob of ginger, rinsed, peeled and chopped
2-3 knobs whole turmeric root (optional), rinsed, peeled and chopped
Juice all ingredients in a high-quality juicer. Best served immediately!
Ginger Greens Juice Servings: 1 Cook time: 5-10 minutes
1 cup pineapple cubes
1 apple, sliced
1-inch knob of ginger, rinsed, peeled and chopped
3 cups kale, rinsed and roughly chopped or ripped
5 cups Swiss chard, rinsed and roughly chopped or ripped
Juice all ingredients in a high-quality juicer. Best served immediately!
Zesty Beet Juice Servings: 1 Cook time: 5-10 minutes
1 grapefruit, peeled and sliced
1 apple, washed and sliced
1 whole beet, and leaves if you have them, washed and sliced
1-inch knob of ginger, rinsed, peeled and chopped
Juice all ingredients in a high-quality juicer. Best served immediately!
Protein Power Smoothie Serving: 1 Cook time: 5 minutes
1 scoop protein powder
1 tablespoon ground flaxseed
1/2 banana
1 kiwi, peeled
1/2 teaspoon cinnamon
Pinch of cardamom
Non-dairy milk or water, enough to achieve desired consistency
Blend all ingredients in a high-powered blender until completely smooth. Best served immediately!
ProLon� Fasting Mimicking Diet
Balanced methylation support can be achieved through proper nutrition. The ProLon� fasting mimicking diet offers a 5-day meal program which has been individually packed and labeled to serve the foods you need for the FMD in precise quantities and combinations. The meal program is made up of ready-to-eat or easy-to-prepare, plant-based foods, including bars, soups, snacks, supplements, a drink concentrate, and teas. The products are scientifically formulated and great tasting. Before starting the ProLon� fasting mimicking diet, 5-day meal program, please make sure to talk to a healthcare professional to find out if the FMD is right for you. The ProLon� fasting mimicking diet can help promote methylation support, among a variety of other healthy benefits.
�
Many doctors and functional medicine practitioners can recommend nutritional advice and/or guidelines to help improve DNA methylation. Proper nutrition and lifestyle habits can ultimately help improve DNA methylation. Nutrient deficiencies can ultimately cause DNA methylation deficits which may cause a variety of health issues, according to research studies. The scope of our information is limited to chiropractic, musculoskeletal and nervous health issues as well as functional medicine articles, topics, and discussions. To further discuss the subject matter above, please feel free to ask Dr. Alex Jimenez or contact us at 915-850-0900�.
Curated by Dr. Alex Jimenez
Additional Topic Discussion:�Acute Back Pain
Back pain�is one of the most prevalent causes of disability and missed days at work worldwide. Back pain attributes to the second most common reason for doctor office visits, outnumbered only by upper-respiratory infections. Approximately 80 percent of the population will experience back pain at least once throughout their life. Your spine is a complex structure made up of bones, joints, ligaments, and muscles, among other soft tissues. Injuries and/or aggravated conditions, such as�herniated discs, can eventually lead to symptoms of back pain. Sports injuries or automobile accident injuries are often the most frequent cause of back pain, however, sometimes the simplest of movements can have painful results. Fortunately, alternative treatment options, such as chiropractic care, can help ease back pain through the use of spinal adjustments and manual manipulations, ultimately improving pain relief.
Formulas for Methylation Support
�
XYMOGEN�s Exclusive Professional Formulas are available through select licensed health care professionals. The internet sale and discounting of XYMOGEN formulas are strictly prohibited.
Proudly,�Dr. Alexander Jimenez makes XYMOGEN formulas available only to patients under our care.
Please call our office in order for us to assign a doctor consultation for immediate access.
If you are a patient of Injury Medical & Chiropractic�Clinic, you may inquire about XYMOGEN by calling 915-850-0900.
�
For your convenience and review of the XYMOGEN products please review the following link.*XYMOGEN-Catalog-Download
* All the above XYMOGEN policies remain strictly in force.
Health issues associated with methylation deficits have become a well-known clinical problem for many healthcare professionals and patients. Numerous research studies have demonstrated that methylation deficits can cause a wide array of associated health issues, including ADD/ADHD, addiction, allergies, Alzheimer�s disease, anxiety, asthma, atherosclerosis, autism, behavioral problems, bipolar disorder, cancers, chemical sensitivity, chronic fatigue, cleft palate, diabetes, dementia, depression, Down syndrome, hypertension, fertility problems, fibromyalgia, insomnia, multiple sclerosis, neuropathy, Parkinson�s disease, schizophrenia, and thyroid disease. �
What Causes DNA Methylation Deficits?
Many healthcare professionals and patients ask themselves, why do these methylation deficits occur? The most common cause of methylation deficits frequently involves nutrient deficiencies, such as folate/folic acid deficiencies and vitamin B12 deficiencies. As previously discussed by doctors and functional medicine practitioners, methylation deficits caused by nutrient deficiencies can occur due to inadequate food or drink intake and malabsorption. Moreover, the increased consumption of processed foods, as well as following a vegan diet, can also cause folate/folic acid deficiencies and vitamin B12 deficiencies, among other nutrient deficiencies. � Furthermore, competition for the utilization of methyl donors in a variety of bodily processes can also be a common cause of methylation deficits. By way of instance, SAMe is essential for DNA methylation and other bodily functions, however, stress, the utilization of several drugs and/or medications like L-Dopa, hormones, inflammation, detoxification, and nutrient metabolism can also cause methylation deficits. Niacin, Selenium, and Phosphatidylethanolamine are examples of nutrients which are metabolized through DNA methylation. Competition for the utilization of methyl donors can cause problems associated with methylation deficits. � Methylation inhibitors can also cause methylation deficits. When SAMe is produced, it’s then metabolized into SAH, a powerful DNA methylation inhibitor of SAMe-dependent methyltransferases which includes DNMTs. Numerous research studies have also demonstrated that an individual’s genotype can ultimately cause methylation deficits and other health issues. Healthcare professionals can evaluate SNPs, such as MTHFR, C677T, and A1298C, in patients to demonstrate enzyme status and activity. Finally, aging can also cause methylation deficits. The process of aging alongside the causes above can ultimately cause methylation deficits. �
How to Diagnose DNA Methylation Deficits
Healthcare professionals can diagnose methylation deficits in patients through nutrition physical exams. Nutrition physical exams can help guide healthcare professionals and patients alike to determine which deficiencies may be causing DNA methylation deficits. By way of instance, nutrient deficiencies in DHA may manifest as xeroderma, dermatitis, keratosis pilaris, sensory neuropathy, and/or poor wound healing. Nutrient deficiencies in Zinc may manifest loss of taste/smell, delayed wound healing, oral candidiasis, nail changes like leukonychia, koilonychia, Beau�s lines, and onychorrhexis. Nutrient deficiencies in Magnesium may manifest as muscle spasms including blepharospasm, tremor, cardiac arrhythmias and nail changes including onychorrhexis. Last but not least, nutrient deficiencies in Potassium may manifest muscle spasms like blepharospasm or tremors and cardiac arrhythmia. �
Promoting methylation support is an essential process towards maintaining overall health and wellness. DNA methylation is involved in a variety of bodily functions. Maintaining and regulating healthy methylation can help prevent a variety of health issues, including methylation deficits caused by nutrient deficiencies, among other problems. The purpose of the following article is to discuss the causes of methylation deficits. It’s fundamental to understand how nutrition, lifestyle habits, supplements, and even medicines, can improve DNA methylation as well as to promote overall health and wellness. – Dr. Alex Jimenez D.C., C.C.S.T. Insight
Smoothies and Juices for Methylation Support
�
While many healthcare professionals can recommend nutritional guidelines and lifestyle modifications to improve methylation support, there are several options you can try yourself at home. As described above, methylation support supplementation should be determined by a healthcare professional. Smoothies and juices are a fast and easy way to include all the necessary nutrients you need for methylation support without any side-effects. The smoothies and juices below are part of the Methylation Diet Food Plan.
Sea Green Smoothie Servings: 1 Cook time: 5-10 minutes
1/2 cup cantaloupe, cubed
1/2 banana
1 handful of kale or spinach
1 handful of Swiss chard
1/4 avocado
2 teaspoons spirulina powder
1 cup of water
3 or more ice cubes
Blend all ingredients in a high-speed blender until completely smooth and enjoy!
1/2 cup blueberries (fresh or frozen, preferably wild)
1 medium carrot, roughly chopped
1 tablespoon ground flaxseed or chia seed
1 tablespoons almonds
Water (to desired consistency)
Ice cubes (optional, may omit if using frozen blueberries)
Blend all ingredients in a high-speed blender until smooth and creamy. Best served immediately! � Sweet and Spicy Juice Servings: 1 Cook time: 5-10 minutes
1 cup honeydew melons
3 cups spinach, rinsed
3 cups Swiss chard, rinsed
1 bunch cilantro (leaves and stems), rinsed
1-inch knob of ginger, rinsed, peeled and chopped
2-3 knobs whole turmeric root (optional), rinsed, peeled and chopped
Juice all ingredients in a high-quality juicer. Best served immediately! � Ginger Greens Juice Servings: 1 Cook time: 5-10 minutes � 1 cup pineapple cubes � 1 apple, sliced � 1-inch knob of ginger, rinsed, peeled and chopped � 3 cups kale, rinsed and roughly chopped or ripped � 5 cups Swiss chard, rinsed and roughly chopped or ripped Juice all ingredients in a high-quality juicer. Best served immediately!
� Zesty Beet Juice Servings: 1 Cook time: 5-10 minutes
1 grapefruit, peeled and sliced
1 apple, washed and sliced
1 whole beet, and leaves if you have them, washed and sliced
1-inch knob of ginger, rinsed, peeled and chopped
Juice all ingredients in a high-quality juicer. Best served immediately!
� Protein Power Smoothie Serving: 1 Cook time: 5 minutes
1 scoop protein powder
1 tablespoon ground flaxseed
1/2 banana
1 kiwi, peeled
1/2 teaspoon cinnamon
Pinch of cardamom
Non-dairy milk or water, enough to achieve desired consistency
Blend all ingredients in a high-powered blender until completely smooth. Best served immediately!
ProLon� Fasting Mimicking Diet
Balanced methylation support can be achieved through proper nutrition. The ProLon� fasting mimicking diet offers a 5-day meal program which has been individually packed and labeled to serve the foods you need for the FMD in precise quantities and combinations. The meal program is made up of ready-to-eat or easy-to-prepare, plant-based foods, including bars, soups, snacks, supplements, a drink concentrate, and teas. The products are scientifically formulated and great tasting. Before starting the ProLon� fasting mimicking diet, 5-day meal program, please make sure to talk to a healthcare professional to find out if the FMD is right for you. The ProLon� fasting mimicking diet can help promote methylation support, among a variety of other healthy benefits. �
Many doctors and functional medicine practitioners can recommend nutritional advice and/or guidelines to help improve DNA methylation. Proper nutrition and lifestyle habits can ultimately help improve DNA methylation. Nutrient deficiencies can ultimately cause DNA methylation deficits which may cause a variety of health issues, according to research studies. The scope of our information is limited to chiropractic, musculoskeletal and nervous health issues as well as functional medicine articles, topics, and discussions. To further discuss the subject matter above, please feel free to ask Dr. Alex Jimenez or contact us at 915-850-0900�. �
Curated by Dr. Alex Jimenez �
Additional Topic Discussion:�Acute Back Pain
Back pain�is one of the most prevalent causes of disability and missed days at work worldwide. Back pain attributes to the second most common reason for doctor office visits, outnumbered only by upper-respiratory infections. Approximately 80 percent of the population will experience back pain at least once throughout their life. Your spine is a complex structure made up of bones, joints, ligaments, and muscles, among other soft tissues. Injuries and/or aggravated conditions, such as�herniated discs, can eventually lead to symptoms of back pain. Sports injuries or automobile accident injuries are often the most frequent cause of back pain, however, sometimes the simplest of movements can have painful results. Fortunately, alternative treatment options, such as chiropractic care, can help ease back pain through the use of spinal adjustments and manual manipulations, ultimately improving pain relief. �
Formulas for Methylation Support
�
XYMOGEN�s Exclusive Professional Formulas are available through select licensed health care professionals. The internet sale and discounting of XYMOGEN formulas are strictly prohibited. � Proudly,�Dr. Alexander Jimenez makes XYMOGEN formulas available only to patients under our care.
Please call our office in order for us to assign a doctor consultation for immediate access.
If you are a patient of Injury Medical & Chiropractic�Clinic, you may inquire about XYMOGEN by calling 915-850-0900. �
� For your convenience and review of the XYMOGEN products please review the following link.*XYMOGEN-Catalog-Download
* All the above XYMOGEN policies remain strictly in force.
IFM's Find A Practitioner tool is the largest referral network in Functional Medicine, created to help patients locate Functional Medicine practitioners anywhere in the world. IFM Certified Practitioners are listed first in the search results, given their extensive education in Functional Medicine
� Among one of it’s most essential functions on structures, DNA methylation highly regulates a variety of epigenetic marks, making them substantially stable, such as the covalent bonds of X and Y chromosomes in men and women. Methylation occurs at CpG sites with DNMT enzymes. Moreover, DNA methylation can help regulate and/or manage other bodily structures and functions. Histone methylation, RNA methylation, and mitochondrial DNA methylation (miDNMT) can help induce or inhibit gene expression. Recent research studies have also demonstrated that these same enzymes may additionally be involved in demethylation. �
