Chiropractic

Assessment and Treatment of Upper Trapezius

Share

These assessment and treatment recommendations represent a synthesis of information derived from personal clinical experience and from the numerous sources which are cited, or are based on the work of researchers, clinicians and therapists who are named (Basmajian 1974, Cailliet 1962, Dvorak & Dvorak 1984, Fryette 1954, Greenman 1989, 1996, Janda 1983, Lewit 1992, 1999, Mennell 1964, Rolf 1977, Williams 1965).

 

Clinical Application of Neuromuscular Techniques: Upper Trapezius

 

Lewit (1999) simplifies the need to assess for shortness by stating, �The upper trapezius should be treated if tender and taut.� Since this is an almost universal state in modern life, it seems that everyone requires MET application to this muscle. Lewit also notes that a characteristic mounding of the muscle can often be observed when it is very short, producing the effect of �Gothic shoulders�, similar to the architectural supports of a Gothic church tower (see Fig. 2.13).

 

Assessment for Shortness of Upper Trapezius (13) (Fig. 4.30)

 

 

Figure 4.30 Assessment of the relative shortness of the right side upper trapezius. One side is compared with the other (for both the range of unforced motion and the nature of the end-feel of motion) to ascertain the side most in need of MET attention.

 

Test for upper trapezius for shortness (a) See scapulohumeral rhythm test (Ch. 5) which helps identify excessive activity or inappropriate tone in levator scapula and upper trapezius, which, because they are postural muscles, indicates shortness (Fig 5.13A, B). Greenman (1996) describes a functional �firing sequence� assessment which identifies general imbalance and dysfunction involving the upper and lower fixators of the shoulder (Fig. 4.31).

 

 

Figure 4.31 Palpation assessment for upper and lower fixators of the shoulder, including upper trapezius (Greenman 1996).

 

The patient is seated and the practitioner stands behind. The practitioner rests his right hand over the right shoulder area to assess firing sequence of muscles. The other hand can be placed either on the mid-thoracic region, mainly on the side being assessed, or spanning the lower back to palpate quadratus firing. The assessment should be performed at least twice so that various hand positions are used for different muscles (as in Fig. 4.31).

 

Greenman bases his description on Janda (1983), who notes the �correct� sequence for shoulder abduction, when seated, as involving: supraspinatus, deltoid, infraspinatus, middle and lower trapezius and finally contralateral quadratus. In dysfunctional states the most common substitutions are said to involve: shoulder elevation by levator scapulae and upper trapezius, as well as early firing by quadratus lumborum, ipsilateral and contralateral.

 

Inappropriate activity of the upper fixators results in shortness, and of the lower fixators in weakness and possible lengthening (see Ch. 2 for discussion of postural/phasic, etc. muscle characteristics).

 

Test for upper trapezius for shortness (b) The patient is seated and the practitioner stands behind with one hand resting on the shoulder of the side to be tested and stabilising it. The other hand is placed on the ipsilateral side of the head and the head/neck is taken into contralateral sidebending without force while the shoulder is stabilised (see Fig. 4.30).

 

The same procedure is performed on the other side with the opposite shoulder stabilised. A comparison is made as to which sidebending manoeuvre produced the greater range and whether the neck can easily reach 45� of side-flexion in each direction, which it should. If neither side can achieve this degree of sidebend, then both trapezius muscles may be short. The relative shortness of one, compared with the other, is evaluated.

 

Test for upper trapezius for shortness (c) The patient is seated and the practitioner stands behind with a hand resting over the muscle on the side to be assessed. The patient is asked to extend the arm at the shoulder joint, bringing the flexed arm/elbow backwards. If the upper trapezius is stressed on that side it will inappropriately activate during this movement. Since it is a postural muscle, shortness in it can then be assumed (see discussion of postural muscle characteristics in Ch. 3).

 

Test of upper trapezius for shortness (d) The patient is supine with the neck fully (but not forcefully) sidebent contralaterally (away from the side being assessed). The practitioner is standing at the head of the table and uses a cupped hand contact on the ipsilateral shoulder (i.e. on the side being tested) to assess the ease with which it can be depressed (moved caudally) (Fig. 4.32).

 

 

Figure 4.32 MET treatment of right side upper trapezius muscle. A Posterior fibres, B middle fibres, C anterior fibres. Note that stretching in this (or any of the alternative positions which access the middle and posterior fibres) is achieved following the isometric contraction by means of an easing of the shoulder away from the stabilised head, with no force being applied to the neck and head itself.

 

There should be an easy �springing� sensation as the practitioner pushes the shoulder towards the feet, with a soft end-feel to the movement. If depression of the shoulder is difficult or if there is a harsh, sudden end-point, upper trapezius shortness is confirmed.

 

This same assessment (always with full lateral flexion) should be performed with the head fully rotated away from the side being treated, half turned away from the side being treated, and slightly turned towards the side being treated, in order to respectively assess the relative shortness and functional efficiency of posterior, middle and anterior subdivisions of the upper portion of trapezius.

 

MET Treatment of Chronically Shortened Upper Trapezius

 

MET treatment of upper trapezius, method (a) (Fig. 4.32) In order to treat all the fibres of upper trapezius, MET needs to be applied sequentially. The upper trapezius is subdivided here into anterior, middle and posterior fibres. The neck should be placed into different positions of rotation, coupled with the sidebending as described in the assessment description above, for precise treatment of the various fibres.

 

The patient lies supine, arm on the side to be treated lying alongside the trunk, head/neck sidebent away from the side being treated to just short of the restriction barrier, while the practitioner stabilises the shoulder with one hand and cups the ear/mastoid area of the same side of the head with the other:

 

  • With the neck fully sidebent and fully rotated contralaterally, the posterior fibres of upper trapezius are involved in the contraction (see below). This will facilitate subsequent stretching of this aspect of the muscle.
  • With the neck fully sidebent and half rotated, the middle fibres are involved in the contraction.
  • With the neck fully sidebent and slightly rotated towards the side being treated the anterior fibres of upper trapezius are being treated.

 

The various contractions and subsequent stretches can be performed with practitioner�s arms crossed, hands stabilising the mastoid area and shoulder.

 

The patient introduces a light resisted effort (20% of available strength) to take the stabilised shoulder towards the ear (a shrug movement) and the ear towards the shoulder. The double movement (or effort towards movement) is important in order to introduce a contraction of the muscle from both ends simultaneously. The degree of effort should be mild and no pain should be felt. The contraction is sustained for 10 seconds (or so) and, upon complete relaxation of effort, the practitioner gently eases the head/neck into an increased degree of sidebending and rotation, where it is stabilised, as the shoulder is stretched caudally.

 

When stretching is introduced the patient can usefully assist in this phase of the treatment by initiating, on instruction, the stretch of the muscle (�as you breathe out please slide your hand towards your feet�). This reduces the chances of a stretch reflex being initiated. Once the muscle is being stretched, the patient relaxes and the stretch is held for 10�30 seconds.

Related Post

 

CAUTION: No stretch should be introduced from the cranial end of the muscle as this could stress the neck. The head is stabilised at its side-flexion and rotation barrier.

 

Disagreement

 

There is some disagreement as to the head/neck rotation position as described in the treatment method above, which calls (for posterior and middle fibres) for sidebending and rotation away from the affected side.

 

Liebenson (1996), suggests that the patient �lies supine with the head supported in anteflexion and laterally flexed away and rotated towards the side of involvement�.

 

Lewit (1985b) suggests: �The patient is supine � the therapist fixes the shoulder from above with one hand, sidebending the head and neck with the other hand so as to take up the slack. He then asks the patient to look towards the side away from which the head is bent, resisting the patient�s automatic tendency to move towards the side of the lesion.� (This method is described below.)

 

The author has used the methods described above with good effect and urges readers to try these approaches as well as those of Liebenson and Lewit, and to evaluate results for themselves.

 

MET treatment of acutely shortened upper trapezius, method (b) Lewit suggests the use of eye movements to facilitate initiation of PIR before stretching, an ideal method for acute problems in this region.

 

The patient is supine, while the practitioner fixes the shoulder and the sidebent (away from the treated side) head and neck at the restriction barrier and asks the patient to look, with the eyes only (i.e. not to turn the head), towards the side away from which the neck is bent.

 

This eye movement is maintained, as is a held breath, while the practitioner resists the slight isometric contraction that these two factors (eye movement and breath) will have created.

 

On exhalation and complete relaxation, the head/neck is taken to a new barrier and the process repeated. If the shoulder is brought into the equation, this is firmly held as it attempts to lightly push into a shrug. After this 10 second contraction the muscle will have released somewhat and slack can again be taken out as the head is repositioned before a repetition of the procedure commences.

 

Dr. Alex Jimenez offers an additional assessment and treatment of the hip flexors as a part of a referenced clinical application of neuromuscular techniques by Leon Chaitow and Judith Walker DeLany. The scope of our information is limited to chiropractic and spinal injuries and conditions. To discuss the subject matter, please feel free to ask Dr. Jimenez or contact us at 915-850-0900 .

 

By Dr. Alex Jimenez

 

 

Additional Topics: Wellness

 

Overall health and wellness are essential towards maintaining the proper mental and physical balance in the body. From eating a balanced nutrition as well as exercising and participating in physical activities, to sleeping a healthy amount of time on a regular basis, following the best health and wellness tips can ultimately help maintain overall well-being. Eating plenty of fruits and vegetables can go a long way towards helping people become healthy.

 

 

WELLNESS TOPIC: EXTRA EXTRA: Managing Workplace Stress

 

 

Blank
References
1.�Ballou SK, Keefer L. Multicultural considerations in the diagnosis and management of irritable bowel syndrome: a selective summary.�Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol.�2013;25:1127�1133.�[PubMed]
2.�Gonzales Gamarra RG, Ruiz S�nchez JG, Le�n Jim�nez F, Cubas Benavides F, D�az V�lez C. [Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in the adult population of the city of Chiclayo in 2011]�Rev Gastroenterol Peru.�2012;32:381�386.�[PubMed]
3.�Gwee KA, Lu CL, Ghoshal UC. Epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome in Asia: something old, something new, something borrowed.�J Gastroenterol Hepatol.�2009;24:1601�1607.�[PubMed]
4.�Krogsgaard LR, Engsbro AL, Bytzer P. The epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome in Denmark. A population-based survey in adults ? 50 years of age.�Scand J Gastroenterol.�2013;48:523�529.�[PubMed]
5.�Ibrahim NK, Battarjee WF, Almehmadi SA. Prevalence and predictors of irritable bowel syndrome among medical students and interns in King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah.�Libyan J Med.�2013;8:21287.[PMC free article][PubMed]
6.�Lee YY, Waid A, Tan HJ, Chua AS, Whitehead WE. Rome III survey of irritable bowel syndrome among ethnic Malays.�World J Gastroenterol.�2012;18:6475�6480; discussion p. 6479.�[PMC free article][PubMed]
7.�Ghoshal UC, Abraham P, Bhatt C, Choudhuri G, Bhatia SJ, Shenoy KT, Banka NH, Bose K, Bohidar NP, Chakravartty K, et al. Epidemiological and clinical profile of irritable bowel syndrome in India: report of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology Task Force.�Indian J Gastroenterol.�2008;27:22�28.�[PubMed]
8.�Bures J, Cyrany J, Kohoutova D, F�rstl M, Rejchrt S, Kvetina J, Vorisek V, Kopacova M. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndrome.�World J Gastroenterol.�2010;16:2978�2990.�[PMC free article][PubMed]
9.�Dibaise JK, Young RJ, Vanderhoof JA. Enteric microbial flora, bacterial overgrowth, and short-bowel syndrome.�Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol.�2006;4:11�20.�[PubMed]
10.�Bouhnik Y, Alain S, Attar A, Flouri� B, Raskine L, Sanson-Le Pors MJ, Rambaud JC. Bacterial populations contaminating the upper gut in patients with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndrome.�Am J Gastroenterol.�1999;94:1327�1331.�[PubMed]
11.�Dukowicz AC, Lacy BE, Levine GM. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: a comprehensive review.�Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y)�2007;3:112�122.�[PMC free article][PubMed]
12.�Posserud I, Stotzer PO, Bj�rnsson ES, Abrahamsson H, Simr�n M. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.�Gut.�2007;56:802�808.�[PMC free article][PubMed]
13.�Ghoshal U, Ghoshal UC, Ranjan P, Naik SR, Ayyagari A. Spectrum and antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria contaminating the upper gut in patients with malabsorption syndrome from the tropics.�BMC Gastroenterol.�2003;3:9.�[PMC free article][PubMed]
14.�Carrara M, Desideri S, Azzurro M, Bulighin GM, Di Piramo D, Lomonaco L, Adamo S. Small intestine bacterial overgrowth in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.�Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci.�2008;12:197�202.�[PubMed]
15.�Ghoshal UC, Ghoshal U, Das K, Misra A. Utility of hydrogen breath tests in diagnosis of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in malabsorption syndrome and its relationship with oro-cecal transit time.�Indian J Gastroenterol.�2006;25:6�10.�[PubMed]
16.�Ghoshal UC, Kumar S, Mehrotra M, Lakshmi C, Misra A. Frequency of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and chronic non-specific diarrhea.�J Neurogastroenterol Motil.�2010;16:40�46.�[PMC free article][PubMed]
17.�Pimentel M, Chow EJ, Lin HC. Eradication of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome.�Am J Gastroenterol.�2000;95:3503�3506.�[PubMed]
18.�Sachdeva S, Rawat AK, Reddy RS, Puri AS. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) in irritable bowel syndrome: frequency and predictors.�J Gastroenterol Hepatol.�2011;26 Suppl 3:135�138.�[PubMed]
19.�Park H. The role of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome.�J Neurogastroenterol Motil.�2010;16:3�4.�[PMC free article][PubMed]
20.�Ghoshal UC, Shukla R, Ghoshal U, Gwee KA, Ng SC, Quigley EM. The gut microbiota and irritable bowel syndrome: friend or foe?�Int J Inflam.�2012;2012:151085.�[PMC free article][PubMed]
21.�Brown AC. Ulcerative colitis, Crohn�s disease and irritable bowel syndrome patients need fecal transplant research and treatment.�J Crohns Colitis.�2014;8:179.�[PubMed]
22.�Sampath K, Levy LC, Gardner TB. Fecal transplantation: beyond the aesthetic.�Gastroenterology.�2013;145:1151�1153.�[PubMed]
23.�Grace E, Shaw C, Whelan K, Andreyev HJ. Review article: small intestinal bacterial overgrowth–prevalence, clinical features, current and developing diagnostic tests, and treatment.�Aliment Pharmacol Ther.�2013;38:674�688.�[PubMed]
24.�Yakoob J, Abbas Z, Khan R, Hamid S, Awan S, Jafri W. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and lactose intolerance contribute to irritable bowel syndrome symptomatology in Pakistan.�Saudi J Gastroenterol.�2011;17:371�375.�[PMC free article][PubMed]
25.�Gwee KA, Bak YT, Ghoshal UC, Gonlachanvit S, Lee OY, Fock KM, Chua AS, Lu CL, Goh KL, Kositchaiwat C, et al. Asian consensus on irritable bowel syndrome.�J Gastroenterol Hepatol.�2010;25:1189�1205.�[PubMed]
26.�Lacy BE, Gabbard SL, Crowell MD. Pathophysiology, evaluation, and treatment of bloating: hope, hype, or hot air?�Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y)�2011;7:729�739.�[PMC free article][PubMed]
27.�Harder H, Serra J, Azpiroz F, Passos MC, Aguad� S, Malagelada JR. Intestinal gas distribution determines abdominal symptoms.�Gut.�2003;52:1708�1713.�[PMC free article][PubMed]
28.�Kumar S, Misra A, Ghoshal UC. Patients with irritable bowel syndrome exhale more hydrogen than healthy subjects in fasting state.�J Neurogastroenterol Motil.�2010;16:299�305.�[PMC free article][PubMed]
29.�Hungin AP, Mulligan C, Pot B, Whorwell P, Agr�us L, Fracasso P, Lionis C, Mendive J, Philippart de Foy JM, Rubin G, Winchester C, de Wit N. Systematic review: probiotics in the management of lower gastrointestinal symptoms in clinical practice — an evidence-based international guide.�Aliment Pharmacol Ther.�2013;38:864�886.�[PMC free article][PubMed]
30.�Attar A, Flouri� B, Rambaud JC, Franchisseur C, Ruszniewski P, Bouhnik Y. Antibiotic efficacy in small intestinal bacterial overgrowth-related chronic diarrhea: a crossover, randomized trial.�Gastroenterology.�1999;117:794�797.�[PubMed]
31.�Marcelino RT, Fagundes-Neto U. [Hydrogen test (H2) in the air expired for the diagnosis of small bowel bacterial overgrowth]�Arq Gastroenterol.�1995;32:191�198.�[PubMed]
32.�Santavirta J. Lactulose hydrogen and [14C]xylose breath tests in patients with ileoanal anastomosis.�Int J Colorectal Dis.�1991;6:208�211.�[PubMed]
33.�Ghoshal UC. How to interpret hydrogen breath tests.�J Neurogastroenterol Motil.�2011;17:312�317.[PMC free article][PubMed]
34.�Yang CY, Chang CS, Chen GH. Small-intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with liver cirrhosis, diagnosed with glucose H2 or CH4 breath tests.�Scand J Gastroenterol.�1998;33:867�871.�[PubMed]
35.�Ghoshal UC, Ghoshal U, Ayyagari A, Ranjan P, Krishnani N, Misra A, Aggarwal R, Naik S, Naik SR. Tropical sprue is associated with contamination of small bowel with aerobic bacteria and reversible prolongation of orocecal transit time.�J Gastroenterol Hepatol.�2003;18:540�547.�[PubMed]
36.�Lu CL, Chen CY, Chang FY, Lee SD. Characteristics of small bowel motility in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and normal humans: an Oriental study.�Clin Sci (Lond)�1998;95:165�169.�[PubMed]
37.�Sciarretta G, Furno A, Mazzoni M, Garagnani B, Malaguti P. Lactulose hydrogen breath test in orocecal transit assessment. Critical evaluation by means of scintigraphic method.�Dig Dis Sci.�1994;39:1505�1510.�[PubMed]
38.�Rao SS, Camilleri M, Hasler WL, Maurer AH, Parkman HP, Saad R, Scott MS, Simren M, Soffer E, Szarka L. Evaluation of gastrointestinal transit in clinical practice: position paper of the American and European Neurogastroenterology and Motility Societies.�Neurogastroenterol Motil.�2011;23:8�23.[PubMed]
39.�Yu D, Cheeseman F, Vanner S. Combined oro-caecal scintigraphy and lactulose hydrogen breath testing demonstrate that breath testing detects oro-caecal transit, not small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with IBS.�Gut.�2011;60:334�340.�[PubMed]
40.�Rana SV, Sharma S, Sinha SK, Kaur H, Sikander A, Singh K. Incidence of predominant methanogenic flora in irritable bowel syndrome patients and apparently healthy controls from North India.�Dig Dis Sci.�2009;54:132�135.�[PubMed]
41.�Dridi B, Henry M, El Kh�chine A, Raoult D, Drancourt M. High prevalence of Methanobrevibacter smithii and Methanosphaera stadtmanae detected in the human gut using an improved DNA detection protocol.�PLoS One.�2009;4:e7063.�[PMC free article][PubMed]
42.�Chatterjee S, Park S, Low K, Kong Y, Pimentel M. The degree of breath methane production in IBS correlates with the severity of constipation.�Am J Gastroenterol.�2007;102:837�841.�[PubMed]
43.�Lunia MK, Sharma BC, Sachdeva S. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and delayed orocecal transit time in patients with cirrhosis and low-grade hepatic encephalopathy.�Hepatol Int.�2013;7:268�273.[PubMed]
44.�Resmini E, Parodi A, Savarino V, Greco A, Rebora A, Minuto F, Ferone D. Evidence of prolonged orocecal transit time and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in acromegalic patients.�J Clin Endocrinol Metab.�2007;92:2119�2124.�[PubMed]
45.�Hamilton I, Worsley BW, Cobden I, Cooke EM, Shoesmith JG, Axon AT. Simultaneous culture of saliva and jejunal aspirate in the investigation of small bowel bacterial overgrowth.�Gut.�1982;23:847�853.[PMC free article][PubMed]
46.�Corazza GR, Sorge M, Strocchi A, Benati G, Di Sario A, Treggiari EA, Brusco G, Gasbarrini G. Non-absorbable antibiotics and small bowel bacterial overgrowth.�Ital J Gastroenterol.�1992;24:4�9.�[PubMed]
47.�Kuwahara T, Ogura Y, Oshima K, Kurokawa K, Ooka T, Hirakawa H, Itoh T, Nakayama-Imaohji H, Ichimura M, Itoh K, et al. The lifestyle of the segmented filamentous bacterium: a non-culturable gut-associated immunostimulating microbe inferred by whole-genome sequencing.�DNA Res.�2011;18:291�303.�[PMC free article][PubMed]
48.�Beumer RR, de Vries J, Rombouts FM. Campylobacter jejuni non-culturable coccoid cells.�Int J Food Microbiol.�1992;15:153�163.�[PubMed]
49.�Fromm H, Sarva RP, Ravitch MM, McJunkin B, Farivar S, Amin P. Effects of jejunoileal bypass on the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids, bacterial flora in the upper small intestine, and absorption of vitamin B12.�Metabolism.�1983;32:1133�1141.�[PubMed]
50.�Yoshida T, McCormick WC, Swell L, Vlahcevic ZR. Bile acid metabolism in cirrhosis. IV. Characterization of the abnormality in deoxycholic acid metabolism.�Gastroenterology.�1975;68:335�341.[PubMed]
51.�Bj�rneklett A, Fausa O, Midtvedt T. Bacterial overgrowth in jejunal and ileal disease.�Scand J Gastroenterol.�1983;18:289�298.�[PubMed]
52.�Vanner S. The small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Irritable bowel syndrome hypothesis: implications for treatment.�Gut.�2008;57:1315�1321.�[PubMed]
53.�Kinross JM, von Roon AC, Holmes E, Darzi A, Nicholson JK. The human gut microbiome: implications for future health care.�Curr Gastroenterol Rep.�2008;10:396�403.�[PubMed]
54.�Clauw DJ. Fibromyalgia: an overview.�Am J Med.�2009;122:S3�S13.�[PubMed]
55.�Pimentel M, Wallace D, Hallegua D, Chow E, Kong Y, Park S, Lin HC. A link between irritable bowel syndrome and fibromyalgia may be related to findings on lactulose breath testing.�Ann Rheum Dis.�2004;63:450�452.�[PMC free article][PubMed]
56.�Simr�n M, Stotzer PO. Use and abuse of hydrogen breath tests.�Gut.�2006;55:297�303.[PMC free article][PubMed]
57.�Gasbarrini A, Lauritano EC, Gabrielli M, Scarpellini E, Lupascu A, Ojetti V, Gasbarrini G. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: diagnosis and treatment.�Dig Dis.�2007;25:237�240.�[PubMed]
58.�Ghoshal UC, Srivastava D, Verma A, Misra A. Slow transit constipation associated with excess methane production and its improvement following rifaximin therapy: a case report.�J Neurogastroenterol Motil.�2011;17:185�188.�[PMC free article][PubMed]
59.�Bala L, Ghoshal UC, Ghoshal U, Tripathi P, Misra A, Gowda GA, Khetrapal CL. Malabsorption syndrome with and without small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: a study on upper-gut aspirate using 1H NMR spectroscopy.�Magn Reson Med.�2006;56:738�744.�[PubMed]
60.�Haboubi NY, Lee GS, Montgomery RD. Duodenal mucosal morphometry of elderly patients with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: response to antibiotic treatment.�Age Ageing.�1991;20:29�32.�[PubMed]
61.�Shindo K, Machida M, Koide K, Fukumura M, Yamazaki R. Deconjugation ability of bacteria isolated from the jejunal fluid of patients with progressive systemic sclerosis and its gastric pH.�Hepatogastroenterology.�1998;45:1643�1650.�[PubMed]
62.�Wanitschke R, Ammon HV. Effects of dihydroxy bile acids and hydroxy fatty acids on the absorption of oleic acid in the human jejunum.�J Clin Invest.�1978;61:178�186.�[PMC free article][PubMed]
63.�Shanab AA, Scully P, Crosbie O, Buckley M, O�Mahony L, Shanahan F, Gazareen S, Murphy E, Quigley EM. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: association with toll-like receptor 4 expression and plasma levels of interleukin 8.�Dig Dis Sci.�2011;56:1524�1534.�[PubMed]
64.�Ghoshal UC, Park H, Gwee KA. Bugs and irritable bowel syndrome: The good, the bad and the ugly.�J Gastroenterol Hepatol.�2010;25:244�251.�[PubMed]
65.�Barbara G, Stanghellini V, Brandi G, Cremon C, Di Nardo G, De Giorgio R, Corinaldesi R. Interactions between commensal bacteria and gut sensorimotor function in health and disease.�Am J Gastroenterol.�2005;100:2560�2568.�[PubMed]
66.�Cherbut C, Aub� AC, Blotti�re HM, Galmiche JP. Effects of short-chain fatty acids on gastrointestinal motility.�Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl.�1997;222:58�61.�[PubMed]
67.�Ramakrishna BS, Roediger WE. Bacterial short chain fatty acids: their role in gastrointestinal disease.�Dig Dis.�1990;8:337�345.�[PubMed]
68.�Dumoulin V, Moro F, Barcelo A, Dakka T, Cuber JC. Peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide-1, and neurotensin responses to luminal factors in the isolated vascularly perfused rat ileum.�Endocrinology.�1998;139:3780�3786.�[PubMed]
69.�Balsari A, Ceccarelli A, Dubini F, Fesce E, Poli G. The fecal microbial population in the irritable bowel syndrome.�Microbiologica.�1982;5:185�194.�[PubMed]
70.�Nobaek S, Johansson ML, Molin G, Ahrn� S, Jeppsson B. Alteration of intestinal microflora is associated with reduction in abdominal bloating and pain in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.�Am J Gastroenterol.�2000;95:1231�1238.�[PubMed]
71.�Cummings JH, Macfarlane GT. The control and consequences of bacterial fermentation in the human colon.�J Appl Bacteriol.�1991;70:443�459.�[PubMed]
72.�Camilleri M. Probiotics and irritable bowel syndrome: rationale, mechanisms, and efficacy.�J Clin Gastroenterol.�2008;42 Suppl 3 Pt 1:S123�S125.�[PubMed]
73.�Spiller R. Probiotics: an ideal anti-inflammatory treatment for IBS?�Gastroenterology.�2005;128:783�785.�[PubMed]
74.�Ford AC, Spiegel BM, Talley NJ, Moayyedi P. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis.�Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol.�2009;7:1279�1286.�[PubMed]
75.�Cuoco L, Salvagnini M. Small intestine bacterial overgrowth in irritable bowel syndrome: a retrospective study with rifaximin.�Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol.�2006;52:89�95.�[PubMed]
76.�Di Stefano M, Corazza GR. Treatment of small intestine bacterial overgrowth and related symptoms by rifaximin.�Chemotherapy.�2005;51 Suppl 1:103�109.�[PubMed]
77.�Pimentel M, Lembo A, Chey WD, Zakko S, Ringel Y, Yu J, Mareya SM, Shaw AL, Bortey E, Forbes WP. Rifaximin therapy for patients with irritable bowel syndrome without constipation.�N Engl J Med.�2011;364:22�32.�[PubMed]
78.�Hwang L, Low K, Khoshini R, Melmed G, Sahakian A, Makhani M, Pokkunuri V, Pimentel M. Evaluating breath methane as a diagnostic test for constipation-predominant IBS.�Dig Dis Sci.�2010;55:398�403.�[PubMed]
79.�Low K, Hwang L, Hua J, Zhu A, Morales W, Pimentel M. A combination of rifaximin and neomycin is most effective in treating irritable bowel syndrome patients with methane on lactulose breath test.�J Clin Gastroenterol.�2010;44:547�550.�[PubMed]
80.�Bengmark S. Colonic food: pre- and probiotics.�Am J Gastroenterol.�2000;95:S5�S7.�[PubMed]
81.�Quigley EM, Quera R. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: roles of antibiotics, prebiotics, and probiotics.�Gastroenterology.�2006;130:S78�S90.�[PubMed]
82.�Xiao SD, Zhang DZ, Lu H, Jiang SH, Liu HY, Wang GS, Xu GM, Zhang ZB, Lin GJ, Wang GL. Multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of heat-killed Lactobacillus acidophilus LB in patients with chronic diarrhea.�Adv Ther.�2003;20:253�260.�[PubMed]
83.�O’Mahony L, McCarthy J, Kelly P, Hurley G, Luo F, Chen K, O�Sullivan GC, Kiely B, Collins JK, Shanahan F, et al. Lactobacillus and bifidobacterium in irritable bowel syndrome: symptom responses and relationship to cytokine profiles.�Gastroenterology.�2005;128:541�551.�[PubMed]
84.�Tsuchiya J, Barreto R, Okura R, Kawakita S, Fesce E, Marotta F. Single-blind follow-up study on the effectiveness of a symbiotic preparation in irritable bowel syndrome.�Chin J Dig Dis.�2004;5:169�174.[PubMed]
85.�Kim YG, Moon JT, Lee KM, Chon NR, Park H. [The effects of probiotics on symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome]�Korean J Gastroenterol.�2006;47:413�419.�[PubMed]
86.�Park JS, Yu JH, Lim HC, Kim JH, Yoon YH, Park HJ, Lee SI. [Usefulness of lactulose breath test for the prediction of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in irritable bowel syndrome]�Korean J Gastroenterol.�2010;56:242�248.�[PubMed]
87.�Mann NS, Limoges-Gonzales M. The prevalence of small intestinal bacterial vergrowth in irritable bowel syndrome.�Hepatogastroenterology.�2009;56:718�721.�[PubMed]
88.�Scarpellini E, Giorgio V, Gabrielli M, Lauritano EC, Pantanella A, Fundar� C, Gasbarrini A. Prevalence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in children with irritable bowel syndrome: a case-control study.�J Pediatr.�2009;155:416�420.�[PubMed]
89.�Nucera G, Gabrielli M, Lupascu A, Lauritano EC, Santoliquido A, Cremonini F, Cammarota G, Tondi P, Pola P, Gasbarrini G, et al. Abnormal breath tests to lactose, fructose and sorbitol in irritable bowel syndrome may be explained by small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.�Aliment Pharmacol Ther.�2005;21:1391�1395.�[PubMed]
90.�Reddymasu SC, Sostarich S, McCallum RW. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in irritable bowel syndrome: are there any predictors?�BMC Gastroenterol.�2010;10:23.�[PMC free article][PubMed]
91.�Lombardo L, Foti M, Ruggia O, Chiecchio A. Increased incidence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth during proton pump inhibitor therapy.�Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol.�2010;8:504�508.�[PubMed]
92.�Parodi A, Dulbecco P, Savarino E, Giannini EG, Bodini G, Corbo M, Isola L, De Conca S, Marabotto E, Savarino V. Positive glucose breath testing is more prevalent in patients with IBS-like symptoms compared with controls of similar age and gender distribution.�J Clin Gastroenterol.�2009;43:962�966.[PubMed]
93.�Rana SV, Sinha SK, Sikander A, Bhasin DK, Singh K. Study of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in North Indian patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a case control study.�Trop Gastroenterol.�2008;29:23�25.�[PubMed]
94.�Majewski M, McCallum RW. Results of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth testing in irritable bowel syndrome patients: clinical profiles and effects of antibiotic trial.�Adv Med Sci.�2007;52:139�142.[PubMed]
95.�Lupascu A, Gabrielli M, Lauritano EC, Scarpellini E, Santoliquido A, Cammarota G, Flore R, Tondi P, Pola P, Gasbarrini G, et al. Hydrogen glucose breath test to detect small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: a prevalence case-control study in irritable bowel syndrome.�Aliment Pharmacol Ther.�2005;22:1157�1160.[PubMed]
Close Accordion

Professional Scope of Practice *

The information herein on "Assessment and Treatment of Upper Trapezius" is not intended to replace a one-on-one relationship with a qualified health care professional or licensed physician and is not medical advice. We encourage you to make healthcare decisions based on your research and partnership with a qualified healthcare professional.

Blog Information & Scope Discussions

Our information scope is limited to Chiropractic, musculoskeletal, physical medicines, wellness, contributing etiological viscerosomatic disturbances within clinical presentations, associated somatovisceral reflex clinical dynamics, subluxation complexes, sensitive health issues, and/or functional medicine articles, topics, and discussions.

We provide and present clinical collaboration with specialists from various disciplines. Each specialist is governed by their professional scope of practice and their jurisdiction of licensure. We use functional health & wellness protocols to treat and support care for the injuries or disorders of the musculoskeletal system.

Our videos, posts, topics, subjects, and insights cover clinical matters, issues, and topics that relate to and directly or indirectly support our clinical scope of practice.*

Our office has reasonably attempted to provide supportive citations and has identified the relevant research study or studies supporting our posts. We provide copies of supporting research studies available to regulatory boards and the public upon request.

We understand that we cover matters that require an additional explanation of how it may assist in a particular care plan or treatment protocol; therefore, to further discuss the subject matter above, please feel free to ask Dr. Alex Jimenez, DC, or contact us at 915-850-0900.

We are here to help you and your family.

Blessings

Dr. Alex Jimenez DC, MSACP, RN*, CCST, IFMCP*, CIFM*, ATN*

email: coach@elpasofunctionalmedicine.com

Licensed as a Doctor of Chiropractic (DC) in Texas & New Mexico*
Texas DC License # TX5807, New Mexico DC License # NM-DC2182

Licensed as a Registered Nurse (RN*) in Florida
Florida License RN License # RN9617241 (Control No. 3558029)
Compact Status: Multi-State License: Authorized to Practice in 40 States*

Dr. Alex Jimenez DC, MSACP, RN* CIFM*, IFMCP*, ATN*, CCST
My Digital Business Card

Dr Alex Jimenez

Welcome-Bienvenido's to our blog. We focus on treating severe spinal disabilities and injuries. We also treat Sciatica, Neck and Back Pain, Whiplash, Headaches, Knee Injuries, Sports Injuries, Dizziness, Poor Sleep, Arthritis. We use advanced proven therapies focused on optimal mobility, health, fitness, and structural conditioning. We use Individualized Diet Plans, Specialized Chiropractic Techniques, Mobility-Agility Training, Adapted Cross-Fit Protocols, and the "PUSH System" to treat patients suffering from various injuries and health problems. If you would like to learn more about a Doctor of Chiropractic who uses advanced progressive techniques to facilitate complete physical health, please connect with me. We focus on simplicity to help restore mobility and recovery. I'd love to see you. Connect!

Published by

Recent Posts

The Benefits of Sleeping with a Pillow Between the Legs

For individuals with back pain, can sleeping with a pillow between or under their knees… Read More

Peppermint: A Natural Remedy for Irritable Bowel Syndrome

For individuals dealing with digestive issues or bowel disorders, can adding peppermint to a nutrition… Read More

Acupuncture for Eczema: A Promising Therapy Option

For individuals dealing with eczema, can incorporating acupuncture into a treatment plan help manage and… Read More

Don’t Ignore Whiplash Signs and Symptoms: Seek Treatment

Those experiencing neck pain, stiffness, headache, shoulder and back pain may suffer from a whiplash… Read More

Unleash the Power of Nopal for Health and Wellness

Can incorporating nopal or prickly pear cactus into one's diet help individuals trying to lower… Read More

Enhance Your Breathing Technique for Optimal Fitness

Can improving breathing patterns help further fitness and optimize overall health for individuals who walk… Read More