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Gut and Intestinal Health

Back Clinic Gut and Intestinal Health. The health of an individual’s gut determines what nutrients are absorbed along with what toxins, allergens, and microbes are kept out. It is directly linked to the health of the whole body. Intestinal health could be defined as optimal digestion, absorption, and assimilation of food. But this is a job that depends on many other factors. More than 100 million Americans have digestive problems. Two of the top-selling drugs in America are for digestive problems, and they run in the billions. There are more than 200 over-the-counter (OTC) remedies for digestive disorders. And these can and do create additional digestive problems.

If an individual’s digestion is not working properly, the first thing is to understand what is sending the gut out-of-balance in the first place.

  • A low-fiber, high-sugar, processed, nutrient-poor, high-calorie diet causes all the wrong bacteria and yeast to grow in the gut and damages the delicate ecosystem in your intestines.
  • Overuse of medications that damage the gut or block normal digestive function, i.e., acid blockers (Prilosec, Nexium, etc.), anti-inflammatory medication (aspirin, Advil, and Aleve), antibiotics, steroids, and hormones.
  • Undetected gluten intolerance, celiac disease, or low-grade food allergies to foods such as dairy, eggs, or corn.
  • Chronic low-grade infections or gut imbalances with overgrowth of bacteria in the small intestine, yeast overgrowth, parasites.
  • Toxins like mercury and mold toxins damage the gut.
  • Lack of adequate digestive enzyme function from acid-blocking medications or zinc deficiency.
  • Stress can alter the gut’s nervous system, cause a leaky gut, and change the normal bacteria.

Visits for intestinal disorders are among the most common trips to primary care doctors. Unfortunately, most, which also includes most doctors, do not recognize or know that digestive problems wreak havoc in the entire body. This leads to allergies, arthritis, autoimmune disease, rashes, acne, chronic fatigue, mood disorders, autism, dementia, cancer, and more. Having proper gut and intestinal health is absolutely central to your health. It is connected to everything that happens in the body.


The Importance of a Healing Diet After Food Poisoning

The Importance of a Healing Diet After Food Poisoning

Can knowing which foods to eat help individuals recovering from food poisoning restore gut health?

The Importance of a Healing Diet After Food Poisoning

Food Poisoning and Restoring Gut Health

Food poisoning can be life-threatening. Fortunately, most cases are mild and short-lived and last only a few hours to a few days (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2024). But even mild cases can wreak havoc on the gut, causing nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Researchers have found that bacterial infections, like food poisoning, can cause changes in gut bacteria. (Clara Belzer et al., 2014) Eating foods that promote gut healing after food poisoning may help the body recover and feel better faster.

Foods to Eat

After food poisoning symptoms have resolved, one may feel that returning to the usual diet is fine. However, the gut has endured quite an experience, and even though acute symptoms have subsided, individuals may still benefit from foods and drinks that are easier on the stomach. Recommended foods and beverages after food poisoning include: (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. 2019)

  • Gatorade
  • Pedialyte
  • Water
  • Herbal tea
  • Chicken broth
  • Jello
  • Applesauce
  • Crackers
  • Toast
  • Rice
  • Oatmeal
  • Bananas
  • Potatoes

Hydration after food poisoning is crucial. Individuals should add other nutritious and hydrating foods, like chicken noodle soup, which helps because of its nutrients and fluid content. The diarrhea and vomiting that accompany the illness can leave the body severely dehydrated. Rehydrating beverages help the body replace lost electrolytes and sodium. Once the body is rehydrated and can hold down bland foods, slowly introduce foods from a regular diet. When resuming the usual diet after rehydration, eating small meals frequently, every three to four hours, is recommended instead of eating a large breakfast, lunch, and dinner meal daily. (Andi L. Shane et al., 2017) When choosing Gatorade or Pedialyte, remember that Gatorade is a sports-rehydrating drink with more sugar, which could irritate an inflamed stomach. Pedialyte is designed for rehydrating during and after illness and has less sugar, making it a better option. (Ronald J Maughan et al., 2016)

When Food Poisoning Is Active Foods To Avoid

During food poisoning, individuals typically do not feel like eating at all. However, to avoid worsening the illness, Individuals are recommended to avoid the following while actively ill (Ohio State University. 2019)

  • Caffeinated drinks and alcohol can further dehydrate.
  • Greasy foods and high-fiber foods are hard to digest.
  • Foods and beverages high in sugar can cause the body to produce high glucose levels and weaken the immune system. (Navid Shomali et al., 2021)

Recovery Time and Resuming Regular Diet

Food poisoning doesn’t last long, and most uncomplicated cases are resolved within a few hours or days. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2024) Symptoms depend on the type of bacteria. Individuals may become ill within minutes of consuming contaminated food up to two weeks later. For example, Staphylococcus aureus bacteria generally cause symptoms almost immediately. On the other hand, listeria may take up to a couple of weeks to cause symptoms. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2024) Individuals can resume their usual diet once symptoms are gone, the body is thoroughly hydrated and can hold down bland foods. (Andi L. Shane et al., 2017)

Recommended Gut Foods Post Stomach Virus

Gut-healthy foods can help restore the gut microbiome or all the living microorganisms in the digestive system. A healthy gut microbiome is essential for immune system functioning. (Emanuele Rinninella et al., 2019) Stomach viruses can disrupt the balance of gut bacteria. (Chanel A. Mosby et al., 2022) Eating certain foods may help restore the gut balance. Prebiotics, or indigestible plant fibers, can help break down in the small intestines and allow the beneficial bacteria to grow. Prebiotic foods include: (Dorna Davani-Davari et al., 2019)

  • Beans
  • Onions
  • Tomatoes
  • Asparagus
  • Peas
  • Honey
  • Milk
  • Banana
  • Wheat, barley, rye
  • Garlic
  • Soybean
  • Seaweed

In addition, probiotics, which are live bacteria, may help increase the number of healthy bacteria in the gut. Probiotic foods include: (Harvard Medical School, 2023)

  • Pickles
  • Sourdough bread
  • Kombucha
  • Sauerkraut
  • Yogurt
  • Miso
  • Kefir
  • Kimchi
  • Tempeh

Probiotics can also be taken as a supplement and come in tablets, capsules, powders, and liquids. Because they contain live bacteria, they need to be refrigerated. Healthcare providers sometimes recommend taking probiotics when recovering from a stomach infection. (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 2018) Individuals should consult their healthcare provider to see whether this option is safe and healthy.

At Injury Medical Chiropractic and Functional Medicine Clinic, we treat injuries and chronic pain syndromes by developing personalized treatment plans and specialized clinical services focused on injuries and the complete recovery process. If other treatment is needed, individuals will be referred to a clinic or physician best suited to their injury, condition, and/or ailment.


Learning About Food Substitutions


References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024). Food poisoning symptoms. Retrieved from www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/symptoms.html

Belzer, C., Gerber, G. K., Roeselers, G., Delaney, M., DuBois, A., Liu, Q., Belavusava, V., Yeliseyev, V., Houseman, A., Onderdonk, A., Cavanaugh, C., & Bry, L. (2014). Dynamics of the microbiota in response to host infection. PloS one, 9(7), e95534. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095534

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (2019). Eating, diet, & nutrition for food poisoning. Retrieved from www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/food-poisoning/eating-diet-nutrition

Shane, A. L., Mody, R. K., Crump, J. A., Tarr, P. I., Steiner, T. S., Kotloff, K., Langley, J. M., Wanke, C., Warren, C. A., Cheng, A. C., Cantey, J., & Pickering, L. K. (2017). 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Diarrhea. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 65(12), e45–e80. doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix669

Maughan, R. J., Watson, P., Cordery, P. A., Walsh, N. P., Oliver, S. J., Dolci, A., Rodriguez-Sanchez, N., & Galloway, S. D. (2016). A randomized trial to assess the potential of different beverages to affect hydration status: development of a beverage hydration index. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 103(3), 717–723. doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.114769

Ohio State University. Kacie Vavrek, M., RD, CSSD Ohio State University. (2019). Foods to avoid when you have the flu. health.osu.edu/wellness/exercise-and-nutrition/foods-to-avoid-with-flu

Shomali, N., Mahmoudi, J., Mahmoodpoor, A., Zamiri, R. E., Akbari, M., Xu, H., & Shotorbani, S. S. (2021). Harmful effects of high amounts of glucose on the immune system: An updated review. Biotechnology and applied biochemistry, 68(2), 404–410. doi.org/10.1002/bab.1938

Rinninella, E., Raoul, P., Cintoni, M., Franceschi, F., Miggiano, G. A. D., Gasbarrini, A., & Mele, M. C. (2019). What is the Healthy Gut Microbiota Composition? A Changing Ecosystem across Age, Environment, Diet, and Diseases. Microorganisms, 7(1), 14. doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7010014

Mosby, C. A., Bhar, S., Phillips, M. B., Edelmann, M. J., & Jones, M. K. (2022). Interaction with mammalian enteric viruses alters outer membrane vesicle production and content by commensal bacteria. Journal of extracellular vesicles, 11(1), e12172. doi.org/10.1002/jev2.12172

Davani-Davari, D., Negahdaripour, M., Karimzadeh, I., Seifan, M., Mohkam, M., Masoumi, S. J., Berenjian, A., & Ghasemi, Y. (2019). Prebiotics: Definition, Types, Sources, Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications. Foods (Basel, Switzerland), 8(3), 92. doi.org/10.3390/foods8030092

Harvard Medical School. (2023). How to get more probiotics. www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/how-to-get-more-probiotics

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (2018). Treatment of viral gastroenteritis. Retrieved from www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/viral-gastroenteritis/treatment

Peppermint: A Natural Remedy for Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Peppermint: A Natural Remedy for Irritable Bowel Syndrome

For individuals dealing with digestive issues or bowel disorders, can adding peppermint to a nutrition plan help manage symptoms and digestion?

Peppermint: A Natural Remedy for Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Peppermint

First grown in England, peppermint’s medicinal properties were soon recognized and are cultivated today in Europe and Northern Africa.

How It Is Used

  • Peppermint oil can be taken as a tea or in capsule form.
  • Consult a physician or licensed healthcare professional to determine the proper dosage for the capsule form.

For Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Peppermint is taken as a tea to treat general digestive problems. It is known to reduce the production of gas in the intestine. Today, researchers recognize peppermint as effective for irritable bowel syndrome when used in oil form. (N. Alammar et al., 2019) Peppermint oil has been approved for use by IBS patients in Germany. However, the FDA has not approved peppermint and oil to treat any condition, but it has listed peppermint and the oil as generally safe. (ScienceDirect, 2024)

Interactions With Other Medications

  • Individuals who take lansoprazole to reduce stomach acid may compromise the enteric coating of some commercial peppermint oil capsules. (Taofikat B. Agbabiaka et al., 2018)
  • This can happen using H2-receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, and antacids.

Other potential interactions include: (Benjamin Kligler, Sapna Chaudhary 2007)

  • Amitriptyline
  • Cyclosporine
  • Haloperidol
  • Peppermint extract may increase serum levels of these medications.

It is recommended to discuss medication interactions with a healthcare provider before starting supplements if taking any of these medications.

Pregnancy

  • Peppermint is not recommended for use during pregnancy or by nursing individuals.
  • It is unknown if it could affect a developing fetus.
  • It is unknown if it can affect a nursing baby.

How To Use The Herb

It is not that common, but some individuals are allergic to peppermint. Peppermint oil should never be applied to the face or around mucous membranes (National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. 2020). Using more than one form, such as tea and oil, is not recommended because it could lead to side effects.

  • Because the FDA does not regulate supplements like peppermint and others, their contents may be varied.
  • Supplements may contain harmful ingredients or not contain the active ingredient at all.
  • This is why seeking reputable brands and informing an individual’s healthcare team of what is being taken is highly recommended.

It has the potential to worsen certain conditions and should not be used by:

  • Individuals who have chronic heartburn. (National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. 2020)
  • Individuals who have severe liver damage.
  • Individuals who have inflammation of the gallbladder.
  • Individuals who have obstruction of bile ducts.
  • Individuals who are pregnant.
  • Individuals with gallstones should consult their healthcare provider to see if it is safe.

Side Effects

  • The oil may cause an upset stomach or burning.
  • Enteric-coated capsules may cause a burning sensation in the rectum. (Brooks D. Cash et al., 2016)

Children and Infants

  • Peppermint was used to treat colic in infants but is not recommended today.
  • The menthol in the tea may cause infants and small children to choke.
  • Chamomile could be a possible alternative. Consult a healthcare provider to see if it is safe.

Beyond Adjustments: Chiropractic and Integrative Healthcare


References

Alammar, N., Wang, L., Saberi, B., Nanavati, J., Holtmann, G., Shinohara, R. T., & Mullin, G. E. (2019). The impact of peppermint oil on the irritable bowel syndrome: a meta-analysis of the pooled clinical data. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 19(1), 21. doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2409-0

ScienceDirect. (2024). Peppermint Oil. www.sciencedirect.com/topics/nursing-and-health-professions/peppermint-oil#:~:text=As%20a%20calcium%20channel%20blocker,as%20safe%E2%80%9D%20%5B11%5D.

Agbabiaka, T. B., Spencer, N. H., Khanom, S., & Goodman, C. (2018). Prevalence of drug-herb and drug-supplement interactions in older adults: a cross-sectional survey. The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, 68(675), e711–e717. doi.org/10.3399/bjgp18X699101

Kligler, B., & Chaudhary, S. (2007). Peppermint oil. American family physician, 75(7), 1027–1030.

National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. (2020). Peppermint oil. Retrieved from www.nccih.nih.gov/health/peppermint-oil#safety

Cash, B. D., Epstein, M. S., & Shah, S. M. (2016). A Novel Delivery System of Peppermint Oil Is an Effective Therapy for Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptoms. Digestive diseases and sciences, 61(2), 560–571. doi.org/10.1007/s10620-015-3858-7

Khanna, R., MacDonald, J. K., & Levesque, B. G. (2014). Peppermint oil for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of clinical gastroenterology, 48(6), 505–512. doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0b013e3182a88357

Unleash the Power of Nopal for Health and Wellness

Unleash the Power of Nopal for Health and Wellness

Can incorporating nopal or prickly pear cactus into one’s diet help individuals trying to lower blood glucose, inflammation, and risk factors associated with heart and metabolic diseases?

Unleash the Power of Nopal for Health and Wellness

Nopal

Nopal, also known as prickly pear cactus, is a versatile vegetable that can be added to nutrition plans to increase fiber intake, vitamins, minerals, and plant-based compounds.  It grows in the U.S. Southwest, Latin America, and the Mediterranean. The pads, or the nopales or cactus paddles, have a texture like okra and slight tartness. The prickly pear cactus fruit, referred to as tuna in Spanish, is also consumed. (University of Arizona Cooperative Extension, 2019) It is often used in fruit salsas, salads, and desserts and is available as a supplement in tablet and powder form.

Serving Size and Nutrition

One cup of cooked nopales, around five pads, without added salt, contains: (U.S. Department of Agriculture, FoodData Central, 2018)

  • Calories – 22
  • Fat – 0 grams
  • Sodium – 30 milligrams
  • Carbohydrates – 5 grams
  • Fiber – 3 grams
  • Sugars – 1.7 grams
  • Protein – 2 grams
  • Vitamin A – 600 international units
  • Vitamin C – 8 milligrams
  • Vitamin K – 8 micrograms
  • Potassium – 291 milligrams
  • Choline – 11 milligrams
  • Calcium – 244 milligrams
  • Magnesium – 70 milligrams

It is generally recommended that most individuals consume 2.5 to 4 cups of vegetables per day. (U.S. Department of Agriculture, MyPlate, 2020)

Benefits

Nopal is highly nutritious, low in calories, free of fat, sodium, or cholesterol, and full of fiber, vitamins, minerals, and betalains. (Parisa Rahimi et al., 2019) Betalains are pigments with anti-inflammatory properties. The variety of fibers creates a low glycemic index (measures how much a specific food raises blood sugar levels after consumption) of about 32, a recommended addition to a diabetes-friendly diet. (Patricia López-Romero et al., 2014)

Compounds

  • Nopal contains a variety of beneficial carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals.
  • Nopal has soluble and insoluble fiber, which benefits blood sugar.
  • It also contains vitamin A, carotenoids, vitamin C, calcium, and plant-based compounds like phenols and betalains. (Karina Corona-Cervantes et al., 2022)

Blood Sugar Regulation

Research has evaluated regular nopal consumption and supplementation for blood sugar control. A study on blood sugar evaluated adding nopal to a high-carbohydrate breakfast or a breakfast high in soy protein in Mexican individuals with type 2 diabetes. The study found that consuming nopales, about 300 grams or 1.75 to 2 cups before a meal, could reduce after-meal/postprandial blood sugars. (Patricia López-Romero et al., 2014) An older study had similar results. (Montserrat Bacardi-Gascon et al., 2007) Individuals were randomly assigned to consume 85 grams of nopal with three different breakfast options:

  • Chilaquiles – a casserole made with corn tortilla, vegetable oil, and pinto beans.
  • Burritos – made with eggs, vegetable oil, and pinto beans.
  • Quesadillas – made with flour tortillas, low-fat cheese, avocado, and pinto beans.
  • The groups assigned to eat nopales had reductions in blood sugar. There was a:
  • 30% reduction in the chilaquiles group.
  • 20% decrease in the burrito group.
  • 48% reduction in the quesadilla group.

However, the studies were small, and the population was not diverse. so further research is needed.

Increased Fiber

The combination of soluble and insoluble fiber benefits the gut in various ways. Soluble fiber can act as a prebiotic, feeding beneficial bacteria in the gut and assisting in removing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol from the body. Insoluble fiber increases transit time, or how quickly food moves through the digestive system and promotes bowel regularity. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2022) In a short-term randomized clinical control trial, researchers found an improvement in irritable bowel syndrome symptoms in individuals supplemented with 20 and 30 grams of nopal fiber. (Jose M Remes-Troche et al., 2021) For individuals not used to consuming fibrous foods, it may cause mild diarrhea, so it is recommended to increase intake slowly and with adequate water to prevent gas and bloating.

Plant Based Calcium

One cup of nopal provides 244 milligrams or 24% of daily calcium needs. Calcium is a mineral that optimizes bone and teeth health. It also assists in blood vessel contraction and dilation, muscle function, blood clotting, nerve transmission, and hormonal secretion. (National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplements 2024) Individuals who follow diets that exclude dairy products can benefit from plant-based calcium sources. This includes cruciferous vegetables like kale, collards, and arugula.

Other Benefits

Studies done in animals and test tubes suggest that fresh nopal and extracts may assist in reducing triglycerides and cholesterol in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease or when unhealthy amounts of fat accumulate in the liver. (Karym El-Mostafa et al., 2014) Other potential benefits with limited evidence include:

Consult a Dietician or Healthcare Provider

Unless individuals are allergic to it, most can eat whole nopal without a problem. However, supplementing is different because it provides a concentrated source. Individuals taking medication to manage diabetes and consuming nopal regularly may contribute to an increased risk of developing hypoglycemia or low blood sugar. Dermatitis has also been reported from contact with the cactus spines. (U.S. Department of Agriculture, FoodData Central, 2018) There have been rare reports of bowel obstruction in individuals who consume large amounts of the seeds found in the fruit. (Karym El-Mostafa et al., 2014) Ask a registered dietitian or primary healthcare provider if nopal can provide safe benefits.


Nutrition Fundamentals


References

University of Arizona Cooperative Extension. Hope Wilson, M. W., Patricia Zilliox. (2019). Prickly pear cactus: food of the desert. extension.arizona.edu/sites/extension.arizona.edu/files/pubs/az1800-2019.pdf

U.S. Department of Agriculture. FoodData Central. (2018). Nopales, cooked, without salt. Retrieved from fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/169388/nutrients

U.S. Department of Agriculture. MyPlate. (2020-2025). Vegetables. Retrieved from www.myplate.gov/eat-healthy/vegetables

Rahimi, P., Abedimanesh, S., Mesbah-Namin, S. A., & Ostadrahimi, A. (2019). Betalains, the nature-inspired pigments, in health and diseases. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 59(18), 2949–2978. doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2018.1479830

López-Romero, P., Pichardo-Ontiveros, E., Avila-Nava, A., Vázquez-Manjarrez, N., Tovar, A. R., Pedraza-Chaverri, J., & Torres, N. (2014). The effect of nopal (Opuntia ficus indica) on postprandial blood glucose, incretins, and antioxidant activity in Mexican patients with type 2 diabetes after consumption of two different composition breakfasts. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 114(11), 1811–1818. doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2014.06.352

Corona-Cervantes, K., Parra-Carriedo, A., Hernández-Quiroz, F., Martínez-Castro, N., Vélez-Ixta, J. M., Guajardo-López, D., García-Mena, J., & Hernández-Guerrero, C. (2022). Physical and Dietary Intervention with Opuntia ficus-indica (Nopal) in Women with Obesity Improves Health Condition through Gut Microbiota Adjustment. Nutrients, 14(5), 1008. doi.org/10.3390/nu14051008

Bacardi-Gascon, M., Dueñas-Mena, D., & Jimenez-Cruz, A. (2007). Lowering effect on postprandial glycemic response of nopales added to Mexican breakfasts. Diabetes care, 30(5), 1264–1265. doi.org/10.2337/dc06-2506

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Fiber: the carb that helps you manage diabetes. Retrieved from www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/features/role-of-fiber.html

Remes-Troche, J. M., Taboada-Liceaga, H., Gill, S., Amieva-Balmori, M., Rossi, M., Hernández-Ramírez, G., García-Mazcorro, J. F., & Whelan, K. (2021). Nopal fiber (Opuntia ficus-indica) improves symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome in the short term: a randomized controlled trial. Neurogastroenterology and motility, 33(2), e13986. doi.org/10.1111/nmo.13986

National Institutes of Health (NIH). Office of Dietary Supplements. (2024). Calcium. Retrieved from ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Calcium-HealthProfessional/

El-Mostafa, K., El Kharrassi, Y., Badreddine, A., Andreoletti, P., Vamecq, J., El Kebbaj, M. S., Latruffe, N., Lizard, G., Nasser, B., & Cherkaoui-Malki, M. (2014). Nopal cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) as a source of bioactive compounds for nutrition, health and disease. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 19(9), 14879–14901. doi.org/10.3390/molecules190914879

Onakpoya, I. J., O’Sullivan, J., & Heneghan, C. J. (2015). The effect of cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.), 31(5), 640–646. doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2014.11.015

Corona-Cervantes, K., Parra-Carriedo, A., Hernández-Quiroz, F., Martínez-Castro, N., Vélez-Ixta, J. M., Guajardo-López, D., García-Mena, J., & Hernández-Guerrero, C. (2022). Physical and Dietary Intervention with Opuntia ficus-indica (Nopal) in Women with Obesity Improves Health Condition through Gut Microbiota Adjustment. Nutrients, 14(5), 1008. doi.org/10.3390/nu14051008

The Role of Acupuncture in Managing Ulcerative Colitis Symptoms

The Role of Acupuncture in Managing Ulcerative Colitis Symptoms

For individuals dealing with ulcerative colitis, can acupuncture treatment benefit those with UC and other GI-related issues?

The Role of Acupuncture in Managing Ulcerative Colitis Symptoms

Acupuncture For Ulcerative Colitis

Acupuncture has been used to treat symptoms related to pain and inflammation. Studies suggest it may help reduce inflammation and symptoms like diarrhea and abdominal pain, which could benefit individuals with inflammatory bowel disease. Individuals with ulcerative colitis, an inflammatory bowel disease/IBD affecting the large intestine, may find acupuncture beneficial in managing symptoms, including pain and gastrointestinal symptoms. (Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation, 2019)

  • There are 2,000 acupoints in the body connected by pathways known as meridians. (Wilkinson J, Faleiro R. 2007)
  • The pathways connecting the acupoints generate energy, which contributes to overall health.
  • A disruption to the energy flow can cause injury, illness, or disease.
  • When acupuncture needles are inserted, energy flow and health are improved.

Benefits

Acupuncture can be used for the relief of various conditions. Studies have shown that acupuncture can reduce inflammation and disease activity in individuals with an IBD, like UC and Crohn’s disease. It can help with: (Gengqing Song et al., 2019)

  • Pain symptoms
  • Gut microbiome imbalances
  • Gut motor dysfunction
  • Intestinal barrier function
  • Anxiety
  • Depression

Studies suggest the use of acupuncture with heat, known as moxibustion, can improve several GI symptoms including (Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation, 2019)

  • Bloating
  • Abdominal pain
  • Constipation
  • Gas
  • Diarrhea
  • Nausea

It is effective in the treatment of digestive issues that include: (Johns Hopkins Medicine. 2024)

  • Gastritis
  • Irritable bowel syndrome/IBS
  • Hemorrhoids
  • Hepatitis

Reduces Pain and Inflammation

  • Acupuncture treatment works by releasing endorphins, which help reduce pain. (Harvard Medical School. 2016)
  • Applying pressure to acupoints triggers the central nervous system.
  • This is believed to cause the release of chemicals that stimulate the body’s healing mechanisms. (Johns Hopkins Medicine. 2024)
  • Studies have also found acupuncture can trigger the production of cortisol.
  • This hormone helps control inflammation. (Arthritis Foundation. N.D.)
  • Studies found the use of acupuncture along with moxibustion reduced inflammation in individuals with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. (Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation, 2019)

Stress and Mood

Chronic conditions like ulcerative colitis can cause feelings of depression and/or anxiety. Acupuncture may be used to address symptoms related to stress and mood and can benefit emotional health issues that include: (Johns Hopkins Medicine. 2024)

  • Insomnia
  • Anxiety
  • Nervousness
  • Depression
  • Neurosis – mental health condition characterized by chronic distress and anxiety.

Side Effects

Acupuncture is considered a safe practice. The most common side effects are: (GI Society. 2024)

  • Bruising
  • Minor bleeding
  • Increased pain
  • Fainting can occur due to needle shock.
  • Needle shock can cause dizziness, feeling faint, and nausea. (Harvard Medical School. 2023)
  • Needle shock is rare but more common in individuals:
  • Who are regularly nervous.
  • Who are nervous around needles.
  • Who are new to acupuncture.
  • Who have a history of fainting.
  • Who are extremely fatigued.
  • Who have low blood sugar.

For some, GI symptoms may worsen before they improve. It is recommended to try at least five sessions as this is part of the healing process. (Cleveland Clinic. 2023)  However, individuals should contact their doctor if symptoms become severe or last more than two days. (GI Society. 2024) Individuals considering acupuncture to help manage symptoms of ulcerative colitis should speak with their healthcare provider to help determine the appropriate treatment and where to start.


Gastro-Intestinal Dysfunction Treatment


References

Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation. (2019). Acupuncture in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. IBDVisible Blog. www.crohnscolitisfoundation.org/blog/acupuncture-inflammatory-bowel-disease

Wilkinson J, Faleiro R. (2007). Acupuncture in pain management. Continuing Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain. 7(4), 135-138. doi.org/10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkm021

Johns Hopkins Medicine. (2024). Acupuncture (Health, Issue. www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/acupuncture

Song, G., Fiocchi, C., & Achkar, J. P. (2019). Acupuncture in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflammatory bowel diseases, 25(7), 1129–1139. doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izy371

Harvard Medical School. (2016). Relieving pain with acupuncture. Harvard Health Blog. www.health.harvard.edu/healthbeat/relieving-pain-with-acupuncture

Arthritis Foundation. (N.D.). Acupuncture for Arthritis. Health Wellness. www.arthritis.org/health-wellness/treatment/complementary-therapies/natural-therapies/acupuncture-for-arthritis

Harvard Medical School. (2023). Acupuncture: what is it? Harvard Health Publishing Harvard Medical School Blog. www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/acupuncture-a-to-z#:~:text=The%20most%20common%20side%20effects,injury%20to%20an%20internal%20organ.

Cleveland Clinic. (2023). Acupuncture. Health Library. my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/4767-acupuncture

GI Society. (2024). Acupuncture and Digestion. badgut.org. badgut.org/information-centre/a-z-digestive-topics/acupuncture-and-digestion/

Understanding Electroacupuncture and How It Relieves Gut Inflammation

Understanding Electroacupuncture and How It Relieves Gut Inflammation

Can individuals dealing with gut inflammation be relieved with electroacupuncture to reduce low back pain symptoms & improve gut function?

Introduction

When it comes to the body, the gut system has a very interesting relationship to the various body groups. The gut system works with the central nervous, immune, and musculoskeletal systems as it helps protect the body from harmful bacteria while regulating inflammation. However, when environmental factors start to affect the body and cause the gut system to go haywire, it can cause numerous issues of pain and discomfort to the body. One of the issues that the gut can affect is the musculoskeletal system, causing back pain issues associated with gut inflammation. However, numerous treatments can help reduce the effects of gut inflammation that is causing back pain. Today’s article looks at the gut-back pain connection, how electroacupuncture can be integrated as a treatment, and how it can reduce inflammation. We talk with certified medical providers who consolidate our patients’ information to assess how gut inflammation impacts their bodies, causing back pain. We also inform and guide patients on how electroacupuncture therapy can help reduce the inflammatory effects causing gut and back issues and restore gut function. We encourage our patients to ask their associated medical providers intricate and important questions about incorporating various non-surgical treatments to reduce gut inflammation correlated with back pain. Dr. Jimenez, D.C., includes this information as an academic service. Disclaimer.

 

The Gut-Back Pain Connection

Do you feel muscle aches or pains in your gut or lower back? What about radiating heat in various areas of your body? Or have you experienced any low-energy moments throughout your day? While the gut is known as the second brain since it works with the immune system, one of its crucial roles is regulating the body’s immune system. This is because the gut microbiome houses trillions of bacteria to digest food and protect the body from bad bacteria. When environmental factors start to affect the gut’s delicate ecosystem, it can lead the immune system to be hyperactive, causing the inflammatory cytokines to mass produce, and this effect can ripple throughout the body, thus manifesting into various pain-like symptoms and conditions, including back pain. Since inflammation is the body’s defense response to injuries or infections, it removes the harmful issue in the affected area and helps heal. So when the inflammatory cytokines start to mass produce due to gut inflammation, it can compromise the gut system, allowing toxins and bacteria to enter the bloodstream and travel to different body areas, causing pain. Now, this is due to various environmental factors that lead to back pain development. When the harmful bacteria from inflammation start to cause back pain, they can attach themselves and affect the intervertebral disc homeostasis, causing the immune system to attack the intervertebral disc and cause back pain. (Yao et al., 2023) This is due to the connection of the gut and back through complex nerve pathways that send information from the gut to the back and up to the brain.

 

 

So, when inflammation starts to cause issues in the body, it can lead to musculoskeletal problems like back pain. Gut inflammation can cause an imbalance between the composition of the symbiont and pathobiont to decrease the integrity and function of the intestinal gut barriers, induce pain, and increase the inflammatory molecules. (Ratna et al., 2023) The inflammatory molecules can exacerbate pain receptors and muscle tension, leading to discomfort and pain in the lower back. Coincidentally, environmental factors like poor posture, physical inactivity, and poor dietary habits can cause the gut system to induce inflammation of the back muscles. When there is dysbiosis in the gut microbiota, the inflammatory effects can be indirectly associated with visceral pain and central nervous systemic functioning to alter the body and cause it to be in a persistent state of chronic systemic inflammation to induce back pain. (Dekker Nitert et al., 2020). However, there are numerous non-surgical treatments and holistic approaches to reduce gut inflammation and relieve back pain.

 

Integrating Electroacupuncture As Treatment

When people are experiencing back pain associated with gut inflammation, they will go to their primary healthcare doctor and explain the situation. Given the connection between gut inflammation and back pain, by addressing the environmental factors that cause these overlapping risk profiles, many doctors can work with pain specialists to reduce both gut inflammation and back pain. Pain specialists like chiropractors, acupuncturists, and massage therapists can help strengthen the affected muscles that are causing back pain and provide holistic approaches like anti-inflammatory vitamins and supplements to reduce gut inflammation. One of the oldest non-surgical treatments that can do both is electroacupuncture. Electroacupuncture combines traditional Chinese therapy and modern technology that uses electric stimulation and thin solid needles to be inserted into the body’s acupoint to obtain qi or energy. What this does is that it provides electric stimulation and anti-inflammatory effects to induce cholinergic reflexes in the gut and HPA axis. (Yang et al., 2024) Electroacupuncture can also be combined with other therapies to reduce the inflammatory effects associated with back pain.

 

How Does Electroacupuncture Reduce Gut Inflammation

Since electroacupuncture can reduce gut inflammation causing back pain, it can help regulate the intestinal flora by promoting intestinal motility and blocking the pain signals from affecting the back muscles. (An et al., 2022) This is because electroacupuncture can help relax the tense muscles causing back pain. Additionally, when people approach this treatment, it is under the guidance of highly trained acupuncturists who can insert the needles correctly while tailoring electroacupuncture therapy to the person’s specific needs and pain. Since electroacupuncture can be combined with other therapies, it can effectively reduce body weight and restore digestion and absorption to shape the gut microbiota. (Xia et al., 2022) This allows individuals to make small changes to their routine and prevent gut inflammation from affecting the body and causing back pain. They can improve their quality of life by incorporating electroacupuncture as part of their health and wellness treatment. 

 


Unlocking The Secrets Of Inflammation-Video


References

An, J., Wang, L., Song, S., Tian, L., Liu, Q., Mei, M., Li, W., & Liu, S. (2022). Electroacupuncture reduces blood glucose by regulating intestinal flora in type 2 diabetic mice. J Diabetes, 14(10), 695-710. doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.13323

Dekker Nitert, M., Mousa, A., Barrett, H. L., Naderpoor, N., & de Courten, B. (2020). Altered Gut Microbiota Composition Is Associated With Back Pain in Overweight and Obese Individuals. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 11, 605. doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00605

Ratna, H. V. K., Jeyaraman, M., Yadav, S., Jeyaraman, N., & Nallakumarasamy, A. (2023). Is Dysbiotic Gut the Cause of Low Back Pain? Cureus, 15(7), e42496. doi.org/10.7759/cureus.42496

Xia, X., Xie, Y., Gong, Y., Zhan, M., He, Y., Liang, X., Jin, Y., Yang, Y., & Ding, W. (2022). Electroacupuncture promoted intestinal defensins and rescued the dysbiotic cecal microbiota of high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Life Sci, 309, 120961. doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120961

Yang, Y., Pang, F., Zhou, M., Guo, X., Yang, Y., Qiu, W., Liao, C., Chen, Y., & Tang, C. (2024). Electroacupuncture Reduces Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Obese Mice by Activating the Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathways and Repairing the Intestinal Barrier. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes, 17, 435-452. doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S449112

Yao, B., Cai, Y., Wang, W., Deng, J., Zhao, L., Han, Z., & Wan, L. (2023). The Effect of Gut Microbiota on the Progression of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Orthopaedic Surgery, 15(3), 858-867. doi.org/10.1111/os.13626

Disclaimer

Acupuncture May Help Lower Gut Inflammation Pain

Acupuncture May Help Lower Gut Inflammation Pain

Can individuals dealing with gut inflammation find relief from acupuncture therapy to reduce associated pain symptoms like back pain?

Introduction

When many start thinking about their health and well-being, they will notice the various factors negatively affecting their daily routine. Environmental factors or traumatic injuries can cause an impact on the person’s body, which then causes musculoskeletal issues as well as organ issues. One of the pain-like issues that many people seem to deal with is gut inflammation, and it can cause a cascading effect on the body and lead to referred pain in the upper and lower body portions. This can affect a person’s daily routine and cause overlapping risk profiles, leading to musculoskeletal conditions like back pain. At the same time, gut inflammation can be in acute or chronic stages and become an issue for people with pre-existing conditions. Luckily, numerous treatments reduce gut inflammation associated with back pain and provide a positive impact on individuals. Today’s article looks at the effect of gut inflammation on the body, how gut inflammation correlates with back pain, and how acupuncture therapy can help reduce gut inflammation. We talk with certified medical providers who consolidate our patients’ information to assess how gut inflammation is impacting their bodies and how it correlates with back pain. We also inform and guide patients on how acupuncture therapy can help reduce the inflammatory effects that are causing gut and back issues. We encourage our patients to ask their associated medical providers intricate and important questions about how their pain is causing issues to their bodies. Dr. Jimenez, D.C., includes this information as an academic service. Disclaimer.

 

The Effects Of Gut Inflammation On The Body

Do you feel extremely tired in the morning, even after a full night? Have you experienced any soreness or tenderness in your gut or different back portions? Or do you experience any muscle aches or joint stiffness throughout your lower back? When people are experiencing these inflammatory issues, it could be due to their gut system feeling these pain-like issues. The gut system is in a relationship with the central nervous system as it is part of the gut-brain axis and helps the autonomic system actively influence the immune system. This allows the musculoskeletal system to promote normal body function. When environmental factors or traumatic injuries start to negatively affect the gut-brain axis and cause the immune system to mass produce inflammatory cytokines and cortisol to cause musculoskeletal and gut issues. The inflammatory effects of the gut system cause impairments within the intestinal barrier function and the translocation of the gut microbes and even promote the hyper-activation of the mucosal immune system to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines that fuel gut inflammation. (Amoroso et al., 2020) When that happens, it can have a major impact on the immune system, and where the gut microbiota can be triggered by environmental factors like metabolic syndrome, obesity, and type-2 diabetes, which has detrimental consequences for the human body. (Scheithauer et al., 2020) What this does to the body is that gut inflammation can affect the immune system, vital organs, and the musculoskeletal system. 

 

Gut Inflammation Correlates With Back Pain

 

So, back pain usually follows when many individuals have gut issues associated with environmental factors. When the intestinal permeability in the gut starts to deal with inflammation, all the bacteria and the cytokines from the immune system will rapidly produce and travel their way to the various muscles, tissues, and ligaments that start to be affected. Since back pain is a common musculoskeletal condition many people endure, gut inflammation can also be present. Since the bacterial microbes and inflammatory cytokines are reaching the spine’s back muscles and skeletal structures, they can start causing degenerative issues, leading to back pain. The skeletal structure of the spine has facet joints, spinal discs, and bones that protect the spinal cord and can also be affected by gut inflammation. The blood-disc barrier within the spine protects the spinal disc from inflammatory effects that may invoke musculoskeletal issues. However, when the bacterial microbes from the gut start to attach and break down the blood-disc barrier, they can rapidly multiply since the immune system surveillance is unavailable, causing low oxygen levels to degenerate the spinal discs and causing back pain issues. (Ratna et al., 2023) At the same time, environmental factors also play an issue in the development of back pain associated with gut inflammation. Luckily, numerous treatments can help not only reduce gut inflammation but also provide pain relief to back pain.


Fighting Inflammation Naturally- Video

Have you been dealing with various mood changes affecting your daily routine? Do you feel constantly sluggish or tired throughout the day? Or do you feel aches and pains in your mid-section and lower back? Many people experiencing these pain-like issues in their bodies are dealing with gut inflammation that is affecting their backs. When environmental factors start to cause an overproduction of bacterial microbes in the intestinal permeability, the inflammatory cytokines begin to induce inflammation in the musculoskeletal system. This can lead to the development of back pain and cause issues to the body when it is not treated right away. This is where various treatments help reduce the inflammatory effects of the gut system and help reduce numerous issues it has caused. Many treatments are non-surgical and customizable to individuals dealing with gut inflammation associated with back pain. The video above shows how non-surgical treatments can help reduce inflammation naturally and benefit many people dealing with gut inflammation.


Acupuncture Reducing Gut Inflammation

 

Various non-surgical treatments can range from traction therapy to chiropractic care, depending on the pain severity and environmental factors causing the issue. For gut inflammation, many individuals might try acupuncture, one of the oldest forms of non-surgical treatment that can help reduce inflammatory cytokines. Acupuncture originates from China and is used by highly trained medical professionals who use fine, solid, thin needles to be placed on various body acupoints to restore body energy. Acupuncture can also serve as a multifaceted regulatory therapy that involves multiple therapeutic mechanisms to regulate the HPA axis and reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines levels. (Landgraaf et al., 2023) At the same time, acupuncture can help recover gastrointestinal dysfunction from various gut disorders by blocking the brain’s neuron signals that are causing inflammatory responses to the gut and musculoskeletal system. (Jang et al., 2020). Acupuncture can also be combined with other non-surgical therapies to help improve body functionality, as acupuncturists find the acupoints within the body to regulate the intestinal microbiota and inflammation, thus regulating the central nervous system function to enhance a person’s quality of life. (Bao et al., 2022) By incorporating acupuncture as part of a person’s health and well-being, many people can make small changes in their daily routine to reduce gut inflammation from overproducing and prevent their associated comorbidities from returning.

 


References

Amoroso, C., Perillo, F., Strati, F., Fantini, M. C., Caprioli, F., & Facciotti, F. (2020). The Role of Gut Microbiota Biomodulators on Mucosal Immunity and Intestinal Inflammation. Cells, 9(5). doi.org/10.3390/cells9051234

Bao, C., Wu, L., Wang, D., Chen, L., Jin, X., Shi, Y., Li, G., Zhang, J., Zeng, X., Chen, J., Liu, H., & Wu, H. (2022). Acupuncture improves the symptoms, intestinal microbiota, and inflammation of patients with mild to moderate Crohn’s disease: A randomized controlled trial. EClinicalMedicine, 45, 101300. doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101300

Jang, J. H., Yeom, M. J., Ahn, S., Oh, J. Y., Ji, S., Kim, T. H., & Park, H. J. (2020). Acupuncture inhibits neuroinflammation and gut microbial dysbiosis in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Brain Behav Immun, 89, 641-655. doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.08.015

Landgraaf, R. G., Bloem, M. N., Fumagalli, M., Benninga, M. A., de Lorijn, F., & Nieuwdorp, M. (2023). Acupuncture as multi-targeted therapy for the multifactorial disease obesity: a complex neuro-endocrine-immune interplay. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 14, 1236370. doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1236370

Ratna, H. V. K., Jeyaraman, M., Yadav, S., Jeyaraman, N., & Nallakumarasamy, A. (2023). Is Dysbiotic Gut the Cause of Low Back Pain? Cureus, 15(7), e42496. doi.org/10.7759/cureus.42496

Scheithauer, T. P. M., Rampanelli, E., Nieuwdorp, M., Vallance, B. A., Verchere, C. B., van Raalte, D. H., & Herrema, H. (2020). Gut Microbiota as a Trigger for Metabolic Inflammation in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Front Immunol, 11, 571731. doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.571731

Disclaimer

An Overview of Natural Ways to Cleanse the Colon

An Overview of Natural Ways to Cleanse the Colon

For individuals experiencing frequent bloating or constipation, could performing a colon cleanse help alleviate your symptoms?

An Overview of Natural Ways to Cleanse the Colon

Colon Cleanse

Individuals can clean out their bowels, colon, or large intestine by drinking more water and adding certain foods to their diet, like whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. Some may find that the practice helps decrease bloating or other digestive issues. While a colon cleanse is safe for most, the practice can cause side effects, like nausea or dehydration.

Benefits

Natural colon cleanses can provide various benefits that include:

  • Reducing bloating.
  • Improving the immune system.
  • Removing toxins from the body.
  • Helping with weight loss.
  • Decreasing the risk of colon cancer.
  1. While individuals may feel better after a natural colon cleanse, there is currently no research to support the medical benefits. (Cedars Sinai. 2019)
  2. Another type is known as hydrotherapy of the colon or irrigation.
  3. A healthcare provider performs this type of cleansing and sends water into the colon with instrumentation.
  4. This type of cleanse is not used to prepare individuals for a colonoscopy.

Cleansing

Cleansing the body safely can be done with ingredients from the local grocery store.

Thorough Hydration

  • Water will improve body function, including digestion and elimination.
  • Use the color of urine as a guide.
  • If it’s pale yellow, the body is getting enough water.
  • If it’s darker, the body needs more.

Increasing Fiber Consumption

Fiber is a type of carbohydrate that the body cannot digest but influences:

  • The rate of digestion.
  • The absorption of nutrients.
  • Waste movement, by helping to soften the stool. (Cornell University. 2012)
  • Fiber can be found in fruits, vegetables, oats, lentils, peas, and almonds.
  • Increasing fiber intake will help regulate the bowels and maintain overall colon health. (Cornell University. 2012)

Probiotics

Probiotics are live bacteria and yeasts that have health and digestion benefits.

  • Researchers believe they help to replace healthy bacteria and balance the healthy and unhealthy bacteria in the body, which maintains smooth digestion. (Mount Sinai. 2024)
  • Fermented foods like yogurt, kimchi, sauerkraut, and pickles are healthy sources of probiotics.
  • They also come as supplements.

Apple Cider Vinegar and Honey

  • Both ingredients contain probiotics, and mixing them can help improve gut health.
  • Individuals also believe that this concoction can help remove toxins from the body, but there’s no scientific evidence to support this.
  • Individuals can try 1 tablespoon of raw honey and 2 tablespoons of apple cider vinegar in a warm glass of water.

Juice and Smoothies

  • Adding more fruits, including juice and smoothies, is a healthy way to stay hydrated.
  • It also adds fiber and other nutrients to improve gut health.
  • Bananas and apples are a healthy source of probiotics.
  • Individuals can also add yogurt to the smoothies for extra probiotics.
  • These elements can help improve the gut microbiome and regulate bowel movements.

Precautions

Doing a colon cleanse should be safe for most, as long as the individual is not fasting at the same time or performing them too frequently. However, it’s recommended to consult a healthcare provider before changing eating patterns or trying new treatments or supplements, including a colon cleanse, especially for individuals who have an underlying condition.

Side Effects

Colon cleansing can come with risks that can include: (Cedars Sinai. 2019)

  • Dehydration
  • Cramping
  • Nausea
  • Electrolyte imbalance

Doing occasional colon cleanses may not result in side effects, but the chances of side effects increase the longer or more often cleanses are performed. It’s recommended to consult a healthcare provider if experiencing any symptoms.

Improving Colon Health

The best way to improve colon health is by drinking enough water and eating foods that promote a healthy digestive system. Healthy approaches include:

  • Increasing fruit and vegetable intake.
  • Increasing whole grain intake provides fiber and more nutrients.
  • Eating ground flaxseed improves digestion and elimination.

Integrative Medicine


References

Rosenblum, C. S. K. (2019). Ask a doc: Are colon cleanses healthy? (Cedars-Sinai Blog, Issue. www.cedars-sinai.org/blog/colon-cleansing.html

University., C. (2012). Fiber, digestion, and health. (Health Services, Issue. health.cornell.edu/sites/health/files/pdf-library/fiber-digestion-health.pdf

Sinai., M. (2024). Lactobacillus acidophilus. (Health Library, Issue. www.mountsinai.org/health-library/supplement/lactobacillus-acidophilus